DICTIONARY 

AND  NOTE   BOOK 


Water  and  Game  Birds 


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ILLUSTRATED 

BIRD  DICTIONARY 

AND  NOTE  BOOK 
LAND  BIRDS 

The  companion  to  this  volume,  giving  de- 
scriptions and  accurate  pen  and  ink  illustra- 
tions of  all  the  song  and  insectivorous  birds 
found  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A  blank 
space  opposite  each  bird  allows  ample  room 
for  the  student  to  make  notes  of  his  own  ob- 
servations concerning  any  species  he  may 
see. 

Good  Illustrations  of  Nearly  200  Birds 

Pocket  size,  31-4x5  1-4  in.    Bound  in 
tough  paper  covers. 

Only   35c    Postpaid 


ILLUSTRATED 

BIRD  DICTIONARY 

AND 

NOTE    BOOK 

BY  CHESTER  A.  REED,  S.  B. 

n 

Author  of  "Bird  Guide,"  "Birds  of  Eastern  North  America,"  "North  American  Birds'  Eggs,"  "Flower  Guide,"  etc. 

WATER  BIRDS,  GAME  BIRDS  AND  BIRDS  OF  PREY 

Illustrations   of    More  than    200    Species 


CHAS.  K.  REED,  WORCESTER,  MASS. 
1912 


Copyright  1912,  Chas.  K.  Reed,  Worcester,  Mass. 


PREFACE  ^i**  '710LQ9Y 


,  F.oljo wing  the  well; known  motto  of  the  author,  "A  good  illustration  is  worth 
pages  of -text/ \  you  :;w'tUB  find  that  nearly  all  the  birds  mentioned  in  this  book  are 
shown  by  small  but,  nevertheless  quite  correct  pen  and  ink  drawings.  These 
drawings  01  course  do  tjht,  neither  are  they  intended  to  compare  with  the  colored 
ones  used  in  "Bird  Guide"  and  other  books  by  the  author,  yet  they  do  show  the 
markings  of  birds  as  they  are,  as  well  as  forms  and  attitudes  and  these  features 
are  sufficient  to  identify  nearly  all  species.  The  student  is  supposed  to  have 
more  complete  works  with  colored  illustrations  in  his  library  for  home  use,  while 
this  little  volume  is  to  be  taken  into  the  field  for  identification  and  as  a  handy  note 
book.  For  this  reason  it  has  been  so  designed  that  it  can  be  sold  for  the  price  of 
a  good  note  book  while  it  is  hoped  that  the  descriptive  and  pictorial  features  will 
make  its  value  to  the  student  many  times  that  of  blank  pieces  of  paper. 

The  numbers  and  technical  names  are  those  adopted  by  the  American  Orni- 
thologist's Union.    The  length  of  each  species  follows  its  technical  name. 


Order  PYGOPODES.    Family  COLYMEID^j. 
WESTERN    GREBE;    SWAN    GREBE. 

1.  JEclimoijJiorns  occidentalis.     27  m       !*>  '. 
All  birds  of  this  Family  have  lobate-web- 

bed  feet,  that  is  each  toe  has  a  distinct  web. 
This  species  has  a  black,  white  and  gray 
plumage;  in  summer  the  whole  back  of  neck 
is  jet  black,  while  in  winter  it  is  gray. 

Note. — Loud,  quavering  and  cackling. 

Nest. — Floating  mass  of  decaying  rushes. 

Range. — Western   North  America,  east  to 
Manitoba  and  X.  D.;  casual  in  Kans. 
HOLBOELL  GREBE. 

2.  Colymbus  holboslli.     19  in. 

In  summer,  cheeks  and  throat  silvery- 
white;  front  of  lower  neck  reddish-brown; 
crown  and  ear  tufts  black;  white  tips  to 
some  wing  feathers.  In  winter  wholly  gray 
and  white, — no  black  or  rufous  coloring. 

Nest. — Of  decaying  rushes. 

Range. — Breeds  west  from  Ungava  and 
Minn.  Winters  from  Me.,  Ont.  and  Wash, 

5 


HORNED   GREBE. 
I*  5    3<   JColy'unbus  auritus.     14  in. 
*  2  ,„:  rn'.summer  with  a  puffy  black  head,  buffy 
ear  tufts  and  reddish-brown  lower  neck.    In 
winter,  gray  and  white, — very  silky-white  on 
the    neck    and    under    parts.      Considerable 
white  on  the  wing. 

Nest. — A  floating  pile  of  decaying  rushes. 
The  half  dozen  eggs  are  bluish-white,  stain- 
ed brownish-yellow. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Me.,  Minn, 
and  British  Columbia.  Winters  throughout 
the  U.  S.  in  suitable  open  water. 

EARED  GREBE. 
4.     Colymbus  nigricollis  calif ornicus.     13  in. 

In  summer,  the  whole  head,  neck  and 
breast  black;  ear  tufts  buffy.  In  winter, 
wholly  gray  above  and  silky-white  below. 

Nest. — Of  rushes,  floating  on  the  water. 

Range. — Western  North  America,  breed- 
ing east  to  Nebr.  and  Manitoba.  Casual  in 
Ind  .and  Ontario. 


PIED-BILLED   GREBE. 
«6.    Podilymbus'podiceps.     \Zl/2  in. 

General  plumage  brownish-gray  above  and 
solid  white  below.  In  summer  with  a  black 
throat,  white  ring  about  the  eyes  and  white 
bill  with  black  band  across  the  middle. 

Note. — A  loud,  repeated  kow-kow-kow-kow. 

Nest. — Floating.  Eggs  stained  deep  brown- 
ish-yellow. 

Range. — Breeds   locally   throughout   U.    S. 
and   southern  Canada.    'Winters  in  U.  S. 
Family  GAVIID^E. 

Full  webbed  feet,  short  stiff  tails  and 
heavy,  pointed  bill.  Unequaled  divers. 

LOON;    GREAT  NORTHERN    DIVER. 
7.     Garia   inimer.     32  in. 

Adults  black  and  white,  marked  as  shown. 
In  winter  plain  gray  above  and  white  below. 

Note. — A  loud,  quavering  cry. 

Nest. — Near  the  water.  Two  dark  brown 
eggs,  with  black  spots. 

,.  Range. — Breeds  north  from  Mass.,  Ind.  and 
Calif.     Winters  in  U.  S.  7 


BLACK-THROATED    LOON. 

9.     Gavia  arctica.     28  in. 

In  summer  black  and  white,  marked  as 
shown.  Crown  gray;  throat  black,  with  a 
purple  gloss.  In  winter  gray  above  and 
white  below.  Eyes  red  on  all  loons. 

Nest. — Two  olive-brown  eggs  with  a  few 
black  spots ;  in  hollow  on  the  ground  or  on  a 
pile  of  trash. 

Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coast. 
Winters  casually  to  Long  Island  and  Ohio. 

RED-THROATED   LOON. 
11.     Gavia  stdlata.     25  in. 

In  summer  gray  and  white,  with  a  reddish- 
brown  patch  on  the  throat  and  gray  and 
white  streaks  on  the  back  of  the  neck.  In 
winter  darker  above,  each  feather  with  white 
spots  on  the  edges,  and  white  below. 

Nest. — 'Two  olive-brown  eggs,  with  few 
black  specks,  on  the  ground  near  the  water. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Manitoba.  Winters  in  the  U.  S. 


Family 
PUFFIN;    SEA  PARROT. 

13.     Fratercula  arctica  arctica.     13  in. 

Bill  very  deep  and  compressed;  yellow  and 
red.  Plumage  black  and  white.  In  summer 
with  band  across  breast;  in  winter  without. 

Note. — A  low  croaking. 

Nest. — Single  white  egg  in  burrow  or  cav- 
ity among  rocks. 

Range. — Coast  from  Me.  to  Ungava.    Win- 
ters south  to  Mass.     Large-billed  Puffin  (F. 
a.naumannl)  occurs  farther  north. 
BLACK  GUILLEMOT. 
27.     Cepphus  grylle.     13  in. 

In  summer  black,  with  a  dull  green  lustre. 
Shoulders  and  under  wings  white.  In  win- 
ter mottled  gray  and  white. 

Note. — Shrill  squealing  whistles. 

Nest. — Two  grayish-white  eggs,  blotched 
with  brown,  in  crevices  among  the  rocks. 

Range. — Breeds  along  coast  from  Me.  to 
Greenland.  Winters  south  to  Cape  Cod. 


MURRE. 

30.     Uria  troille  troille.     16  in. 

Above  blackish  with  white  tips  to  the  sec- 
ondaries. Below  white,  the  throat  being 
brown  in  summer  and  white  in  winter.  Bill 
1.7  in.  long  while  that  of  Brunnich  Murre 
(U.  lomvia)  is  1.25  in. 

Note. — A  hoarse,  purring  murre. 

Nest. — Single  blue,  white  or  green  eggs, 
spotted  with  blackish,  on  ledges  of  cliffs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Newfoundland. 
Winters  south  to  Me.  and  casually  farther. 

RAZOR-BILLED   AUK.. 
32.    A  lea  torda.     16.5  in. 

Blackish  above,  white  below;  white  band 
across  the  wing  and  stripe  across  the  bill. 
In  summer  the  throat  is  dark  brownish.  Ex- 
cellent divers,  using  both  feet  and  wings  to 
propel  them  under  water. 

Nest. — Dull  white  egg,  spotted  with  black- 
ish, on  ledges  of  sea  cliffs. 
. .  Range. — Breeds  north  from  Magdalen  Is. 
10 


GREAT  AUK. 

33.  Plautus  impennis.     29  in. 

Plumage  black  and  white.  Large  and 
heavy,  but  with  tiny  wings  and  incapable 
of  flight.  They  lived  on  coast  and  islands 
from  Mass,  northward.  They  were  killed 
and  their  eggs  taken  by  voyagers  between 
the  Old  and  New  Worlds  until  they  became 
extinct  probably  in  the  year  1844. 

Eggs. — Their  single  eggs  are  dull  white, 
blotched  with  blackish  and  measure  5.00  x 
3.00  in.  in  length  and  width. 

DOVEKIE;  SEA  DOVE." 

34.  Alle  alle.     8  in. 

Black  above  and  white  below,  with  a  few 
touches  of  white  on  the  scapulars  and  white 
tips  to  the  secondaries.  In  summer  the 
throat  is  brown  but  in  winter  it  is  white. 

Nest. — They  lay  single  pale  greenish-blue 
eggs  among  crevices  of  sea  cliffs. 

Range. — North  Atlantic,  breeding  in  Arctic 
regions;  winters  south  to  Long  Island. 
11 


CS- 


Order  LONGIPENNES. 

Family  STERCORARIID^]. 

SKUA. 

35.  Megalestris  skua.     22  in. 

Bill  and  feet  powerful.  Plumage  chiefly 
blackish-brown  with  whitish  quills  and  patch 
at  the  base  of  the  primaries.  Despoils  other 
sea  birds  of  their  prey. 

Nest. — A  hollow  in  the  ground,  sometimes 
lined  with  weeds  and  sticks.  Eggs  olive- 
brown,  spotted  with  blackish. 

Range. — Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North 
Atlantic.  Winters  south  to  Me. 

POMARINE  JAEGER;  JIDDY  HAWK. 

36.  Stercorarius  pomarinus.     21  in. 

Two  color  phases.  One  uniform  blackish- 
brown  with  white  quills  and  bases  of  pri- 
maries. The  other  whitish  below  and  around 
the  neck,  and  with  a  black  cap. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  olive-brown, 
spotted  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds    in   Arctic   regions.     Win- 
ters off  the  coast  south  to  N.  J. 
12 


PARASITIC  JAEGER   (not  figured). 
37.    Stercorarius  parasiticus.     17  in. 

Similar  to  the  next  species  but  tail  shorter, 
bill  longer   (1.4  in.)   and  the  nostril  nearer 
its   tip   than  the  base.     Both   species  have 
the  same  range  and  nesting  habits. 
LONG-TAILED  JAEGER. 
.38.     Stercorarius  longicaudus.    21  in. 

Bill  1.15  in.,  the  nostril  midway  between 
the  tip  and  base.  Middle  tail  feathers  length- 
ened and  pointed. 

Eggs. — Olive-brown  with  black  spots. 
Range. — Breeds  in  Arctic  regions.  Winters 
off  the  coast  from  Me.  southward. 
Family  LARID^E. 

IVORY   GULL. 
39.    Pagophila  alba.     17  in. 

Plumage  pure  white.  Bill  and  shafts  of 
primaries  yellow.  Feet  black. 

Eggs. — Grayish-buff  marked  with  blackish. 
Range. — Breeds   in   high   Arctic   latitudes. 
Winters  south  rarely  to  Long  Island. 
13 


KITTIWAKE. 

40.    Rissa  tridactyla.     16  in. 

White  with  a  gray  mantle,  black  tips  to 
the  wings,  yellow  bill  and  black  feet.  In 
winter  the  back  of  head  is  washed  with  gray. 

Note. — A  sharp  keet-a-wake,  keet-a-icake. 

Nest. — Of  seaweed  on  rocky  ledges.  Eggs 
olive-gray,  with  black  markings. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.  Winters  south  to  N.  J. 

GLAUCOUS  GULL. 
42.    Larus  hyperboreus.    28  in. 

Mantle  light  pearl-gray.  Primaries  white, 
with  no  black  markings.  Feet  flesh  color. 
Young  birds  lightly  barred  with  brownish. 
One  of  the  largest  and  most  powerful  gulls. 
Devours  eggs  and  young  of  smaller  birds. 

Nest. — Of  grass  and  seaweed  on  the  ground. 
Eggs  brownish-gray  with  black  markings. 

Range. — Breeds  on   Arctic  coasts  and  is- 
lands.    Winters    from    Greenland    and    the 
Aleutians  south  to  Long  Island  and  Cal. 
14 


ICELAND  GULL. 

43.    Larus  leucopterus.     25  in. 

Pale  mantle  and  all  white  primaries.  Just 
like  the  last  species  except  in  size. 

Range. — Even  more  boreal  than  the  Glau- 
cous Gull.  Winters  south  to  Long  Island. 

KUMLIEN  GULL  (not  figured). 
45.    Larus    kumlieni.     27    in. 

Very  similar  to  Iceland  Gull  but  the  pri- 
maries are  conspicuously  gray  with  white 
tips. 

Range. — Breeds  in  Cumberland  Sound. 
South  in  winter  to  Long  Island. 

GREAT   BLACK-BACKED   GULL. 
47.    Lanis  mar  inns.     29  in. 

Largest  of  our  gulls.  Back  slaty-black. 
White  tips  to  primaries,  secondaries  and 
scapulars.  Young  mottled  with  dusky  brown. 

Note. — A  hoarse  Jia-Jia  and  a  sharp  keouw. 

Nest. — Three  grayish  eggs,  spotted  with 
blackish  and  lilac. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Nova  Scotia. 
15 


HERRING  GULL. 

51.    Larus  argentatus.     24  in. 

Mantle  gray.  Primaries  black,  with  white 
tips.  In  winter  the  head  and  neck  are 
streaked  with  gray.  Young  are  heavily  or 
lightly  mottled  above  and  streaked  below 
with  dusky.  The  most  abundant  of  large 
gulls. 

Notes. — Loud  cackling  and  squawks. 

Nest. — A  hollow  on  the  ground,  lined  with 
weeds  or  seaweed.  Eggs  olive-gray,  spotted 
with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Me.,  the  Great 
Lakes  and  British  Columbia.  Winters  along 
the  coasts  of  U.  S.  and  shores  of  Great  Lakes. 

RING-BILLED  GULL. 
54.    Larus  delawarensis.    18  in. 

Gray  mantle.  White  tips  to  the  black 
primaries.  Yellow  bill  crossed  by  black  line. 
Young  birds  are  mottled  and  have  a  black 
band  across  the  tail. 

Range. — Breeds    north    from    northern    N. 
Y.,  WTisc.  and  Ore.    Winters  throughout  U.  S. 
16 


LAUGHING  GULL. 

58.  Lams  atricilla.     16  in. 

Adults  with  red  bill  and  feet,  dark  gray 
mantle,  blackish  head  and  black  primaries. 
In  winter  the  head  is  white  with  only  a  few 
touches  of  gray.  Young  birds  have  the 
back  mixed  with  brownish. 

Notes. — Strange  cackling  laughter. 

Nest. — Of  weeds  or  seaweed  on  the  ground. 
Eggs  olive-gray  with  black  spots. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  along  the  coast 
south  from  Mass.  Winters  along  the  Gulf 
coast. 

FRANKLIN    GULL. 

59.  Larns  franklini.     15  in. 

Hood  and  mantle  lighter  than  the  last  spe- 
cies. Bill  red,  with  black  tip.  Primaries 
gray,  with  black  ends  and  white  tips.  Under 
parts  with  a  rosy  tinge  during  summer. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  in  marshes.  Eggs 
olive-gray,  with  blotches  of  blackish. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Minn,  and  N. 
D.    Winters  south  from  the  Gulf  coast. 
17 


BONAPARTE  GULL. 

60.  Lams  Philadelphia.     14  in. 

In  summer  bill  black,  feet  flesh-color.  Out- 
er primary  black,  the  others  white.  Young 
birds  lack  the  gray  hood,  have  some  mot- 
tling on  the  back,  a  spot  back  of  eye  and 
band  across  the  end  of  the  tail 

Nest. — On  the  ground  or  low  trees.  Eggs 
olive-brown,  marked  with  blackish. 

Range. — Breeds   from   southern   Keewatin 
and  British  Columbia  northward.     Winters 
on  the  Atlantic,  Pacific  and  Gulf  coasts. 
ROSS  GULL. 

61.  Rhodostethia  rosea.     13  in. 

Adults  with  no  dark  hood  but  with  a  nar- 
row black  ring  around  the  neck.  Mantle 
pale  pearl.  Under  parts  tinged  with  rosy. 
In  winter  lacking  the  black  collar  and  rosy 
coloring.  Tail  wedge-shaped. 

Range. — Polar  regions  south  in  winter  to 
VNSX      northern  Alaska  and  Greenland,     The  most 
boreal  of  all  birds  and  one  of  the  rarest  in 
collections.  18 


SABINE  GULL. 

62.  Xema  sabini.     14  in. 

In  summer  with  gray  hood,  black  collar 
about  the  neck,  pearl-gray  mantle  and  black- 
ish outer  primaries  with  white  tips.  In  win- 
ter, without  the  hood  or  collar,  but  with  gray 
on  the  ears  and  nape. 

Range. — Breeds  from  northern  Alaska  and 
Hudson  Bay  northward.  Winters  in  Peru, 
migrating  along  both  coasts  and  rarely  in 
the  interior. 

GULL-BILLED   TERN. 

63.  Gelochelidon  nilotica.     14  in. 

Bill  and  feet  black,  the  former  heavy  for 
a  tern.  Crown  black.  Mantle  pearl-gray. 
Tail  very  slightly  forked. 

Note. — A  high-pitched,  reedy  tee-tee-tee. 

Nest. — A  slight  depression  in  marsh  grass 
or  on  beaches.  Three  olive-gray  eggs  with 
black  and  brown  markings. 

Range. — Breeds  on  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts.     Wander   casually  to  Me.   and 
Ohio.    Nearly  cosmopolitan  in  distribution. 
19 


CASPIAN   TERN. 

64.  Sterna  caspia.     21  in. 

Largest  of  our  terns.  Bill  heavy  and 
bright  orange-red.  Crown  and  crest  jet 
black.  Mantle  light  pearl;  primaries  darker. 
In  winter  the  crown  is  mixed  with  white. 

Nest. — Two  or  three  buffy,  spotted  eggs 
laid  in  hollows  in  the  sand. 

Range. — Breeds  on  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts,  in  Ore.,  Lake  Mich,  and  south- 
ern Labrador.  Winters  on  the  South  Atlan- 

,  Gulf  and  Pacific  coasts. 

ROYAL  TERN    (not  figured.) 

65.  Sterna  maxima.     19  in. 

Like  the  preceding  but  smaller  and  with 
more  slender  bill  and  more  deeply  forked  tail. 

Range. — South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 

CABOT  TERN. 
67.    Sterna  sandvicensis  acuftavida.     16  in. 

Black  crown  and  crest.  Bill  black,  with 
yellow  tip.  Tail  forked.  Mantle  pale  pearl. 

Range. — Breeds  from  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.  20 


FORSTER    TERN. 

69.  Sterna  forsteri.     15  in. 

No  crest  on  this  or  any  of  the  following 
terns.  Bill  and  feet  orange-red.  Mantle 
pearl.  Below  pure  white.  Tail  forked  4  in. 
In  winter  the  crown  is  white,  there  is  a 
blackish  patch  about  the  eyes  and  the  bill 
and  feet  are  blackish. 

Nest. — A  sharp  twanging  ccrcA*. 

Range. — South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts 
and  north  to  111. 

COMMON  TERN. 

70.  Sterna  htrmndo.     15  in. 

Mantle  darker  pearl,  and  pearl  below. 
Bill  and  feet  red,  the  former  tipped  with 
black.  Tail  forked  3  in. 

Note. — An  energetic  tee-arr. 

Nest. — Three  or  four  whitish,  greenish  or 
brownish  eggs,  spotted  with  black,  laid  in 
hollows  in  the  sand. 

Range. — Breeds   north   from   N.   Car.   and 
Ohio.   Winters  south  from  Gulf  States. 
21 


ARCTIC  TERN    (not  figured). 

71.  Sterna  paradis&a.     \Sl/2  in. 

Similar  to  the  Common  Tern  but  with  a 
more  deeply  forked  tail  (4.5  in.)  and  red  bill. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Mass,  and  Keewatin 
northward.  Winters  in  southern  oceans. 
ROSEATE  TERN. 

72.  Sterna  dougalli.     lSl/2  in. 

Tail  forked  to  a  depth  of  5.25  in.  In  sum- 
mer with  a  rosy  tint  to  the  under  parts. 

Note. — A  harsh,  reedy  cack. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  from  Me.  to  Long 
Island.  Winters  in  the  Tropics  . 

LEAST  TERN. 
74.     Sterna  antillantin.     9  in. 

Bill  and  feet  yellow.  Crown  black,  but 
forehead  and  line  over  eye  white.  Tail  slight- 
ly forked.  In  winter  less  black  on  crown. 

Note.— Plover-like  whistles. 

Nest. — Three  buffy-gray  eggs,  with  a  few 
black  specks,  in  hollows  in  the  sand. 

Range. — From  Mass,  and  Mo.  southward. 
22 


SOOTY   TERN. 

75.  Sterna  fuscata.     17  in. 

Above  sooty-black.  Forehead,  under  parts 
and  outer  tail  feathers  white.  Crown  and 
line  through  the  eye  black.  Bill  and  feet 
black. 

Nest. — Single  creamy-white  eggs,  spotted 
with  brown,  in  hollows  in  the  sand. 

Range. — Breeds  south  from  Fla.,  La.  and 
Tex.  Strays  rarely  to  Me. 

BRIDLED  TERN    (not  figured). 

76.  Sterna  anatheta.     15  in. 

Back    lighter    and    white    extending   over 
the  eye.     Otherwise  like  the  last  species. 
Range. — Tropical  seas.     Cacual  in  Fla. 
BLACK  TERN. 

77.  Hydrochelidon  nigra  surinamensis.     10  in. 
In  summer  as  shown  by  the  lower  bird; 

back  gray.  In  winter  as  shown  by  the  mid- 
dle bird. 

Nest. — A  pile  of  weeds  in  marches.  Eggs 
olive-brown,  heavily  blotched  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Ohio  and  Cal. 
Migrates  along  both  coasts  and  through  the 


NODDY. 

79.  Anous  stolidus.     15  in. 

Body  sooty-brown.  Crown  silvery-white. 
Bill  and  feet  black.  Tail  rounded. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  grasses  in  mangroves 
or  on  the  ground.  Single  buffy  eggs  spotted 
with  black  and  brown 

Range. — Tropical    seas.      Breeds    on    the 
Fla.  Keys,  islands  off  the  La.  coast  and  the 
West  Indies.    Winters  south  to  Brazil. 
BLACK  SKIMMER. 

80.  Rynchops  nizra.     18  in.    • 

Above  blackish,  shading  to  jet  black  on 
the  crown.  Forehead,  underparts,  outer  tail 
feathers  and  ends  of  secondaries  white. 
Bill  orange-red,  the  lower  mandible  being 
longer  than  the  upper  and  thin  like  a  knife 
blade. 

Note. — A  hound-like  baying. 

Nest. — Two  or  three  creamy-white  eggs 
spotted  with  black  and  gray. 

Range. — Breeds  on  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts.  Wanders  casually  to  Me. 


Order  TUBINARES. 
Family  PROCELLARIID^J. 

FULMAR. 
86.     Fnlmants  glacialis  glacialis.     19  in. 

Bill  short  and  stout;  nostrils  united  in  a 
tube  on  top.  Plumage  gull-like  but  the  tail 
is  gray,  like  the  back.  Also  has  a  dark 
phase  in  which  the  plumage  is  uniform  dark 
gray. 

Nest.— Their  single  white  eggs  are  laid  on 
bare  ledges  of  sea  cliffs. 
. .  Range. — Breeds    in   Arctic    regions.    Win- 
ters south  to  Mass. 

CORY  SHEARWATER. 
88.     PuMnus  borealis.     21  in. 

Dark  gray  above,  lighter  on  the  head; 
white  below.  Bill  yellowish,  which  easily 
distinguishes  this  species  from  the  next  at 
a  distance. 

Range. — Nesting  habits  and  breeding  range 

unknown  but  supposed  to  be  in  Antarctic 

regions.     Occurs  in  summer  casually  off  the 

coasts    of    Mass.,    R.    I.    and    Long    Island. 

25 


GREATER  SHEARWATER. 

89.    Puffinus  grains.     20  in. 

Whole  upper  parts  blackish.  Below  white, 
with  a  blackish  area  on  the  abdomen.  Bill 
and  feet  black.  Often  congregate  in  num- 
bers about  fishing  boats  to  feed  on  refuse 
thrown  to  them. 

Note. — Harsh  discordant  squaks. 

Range. — Probably  breeds  in  Antarctic  re- 
gions. Spends  the  summer  on  our  Atlantic 
coast. 

AUDUBON  SHEARWATER. 
92.    Puffinus   Iherminieri.     12  in. 

Similar  in  plumage  to  the  Greater  Shear- 
water, but  smaller  and  with  no  sooty  on  the 
abdomen  but  dusky  under  tail  coverts. 

Nest. — Single  white  eggs  deposited  at  the 
ends  of  burrows  dug  by  the  birds,  some  is- 
lands being  honeycombed  with  them. 

Range. — Breed  on  Bahama  and  West  Indian 
islands  in  March  and  April,  afterward  wand- 
ering over  the  ocean.    Casual  north  to  Mass. 
26 


SOOTY  SHEARWATER. 

"95.     Puffinus  griseus.     17  in. 

Sooty-black  all  over  except  the  upper  wing 
coverts  which  are  almost  white.  Bill  and 
feet  black.  They  always  fly  near  the  water 
with  alternate  flappings  and  sailings.  Before 
taking  wing  they  patter  along  the  surface 
for  a  few  feet. 

Range. — Breeds  on  islands  in  southern 
oceans.  Spends  our  summer  off  both  the  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  coasts,  as  far  north  as 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Alaska.  Never 
found  inland  unless  blown  there  by  storms. 

STORM  PETREL. 
104.     Thalissidroma  pelagica.     5^2  in. 

Smaller  and  darker  than  any  others  of  our 
petrels.  Tail  square  ended.  Upper  coverts 
white,  the  longer  ones  tipped  with  black. 

Nest. — Single  white  eggs  at  the  end  of 
burrows  in  peaty  soil. 

Range. — Breeds    on    islands    of    coast    of 
•Great  Britain.     Casual  off  Newfoundland. 
27 


LEACH   PETREL. 

106.     Oceanodroma  leucorhoa.     8  in. 

Sooty-gray.  Tail  forked  slightly.  Coverts 
white,  not  tipped  with  black. 

Note. — A  weak  clucking. 

Nest. — Single  white  eggs,  faintly  dotted 
about  the  large  end  with  brown,  at  end  of 
burrow  in  peaty  soil. 

Range. — Breeds  on  coast  and  islands  from 
Me.  to  Greenland.  Winters  in  tropical  waters. 

WILSON   PETREL. 
109.     Oceanites  oceanicus.     7  in. 

Tail  square-ended.  Coverts  white,  not  tip- 
ped with  black.  Legs  quite  long  and  webs 
with  characteristic  yellow  spots.  Ocean 
wanderers,  often  congregating  about  fishing 
boats  or  following  vessels  to  feed  upon  re- 
fuse that  is  thrown  overboard. 

Range. — Breeds  on  Antarctic  islands  dur- 
ing February  and  spends  the  summer  months 
off  the  Atlantic  coast  as  far  north  as  Lab- 
rador. 

28 


Order  STEGAXOPODES. 

Family  PHAETHONTID^E. 

YELLOW-BILLED  TROPIC-BIRD. 

112.     Phczthon   americanus.     32   in. 

All  four  toes  connected  by  webs.  Plumage 
black  and  white  as  shown,  the  under  parts 
and  tail  feathers  being  tinged  with  salmon 
color  during  summer.  Food  of  snails  or  of 
small  fish  which  they  get  by  plunging. 

Nest. — A  mass  of  seaweed  on  ledges  or  In 
rocky  crevices.  Single  cream-colored  egg 
almost  completely  covered  with  purplish 
dots. 

Range. — Breeds  in  Bermuda  and  the  Ba- 
hamas. Casual  in  Fla.  and  accidental  in 
Newfoundland. 

Family  SULID^E. 
BLUE-FACED   BOOBY. 

Plumage  black  and  white  as  shown.  Bill 
and  bare  face  bluish.  Feet  reddish  and  web- 
bed between  all  four  toes. 

Range. — Breeds  in  the  West  Indies.  Cas- 
ual in  Fla.  29 


BOOBY. 

115.     Sula  leucogastra.     30  in. 

Head  and  neck  brown,  rest  of  upper  parts 
blackish.  Under  parts  white.  Young  black- 
ish-brown all  over.  Bill  and  feet  yellowish. 
Feet  fully  webbed. 

Nest. — One  or  two  white  eggs,  covered 
with  a  chalky  deposit,  laid  in  hollows  on 
the  sand  or  rocks.  Nesting  in  large  colonies. 

Range. — Breeds  in  the  Bahamas  and  West 
Indies.  Casual  on  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts  and  accidental  north  to  Mass. 

CAN  NET. 
117.     Sula  bassana.     35  in. 

Largest  of  our  boobies.  Pure  white,  with 
black  primaries.  Young  blackish,  specked 
with  white.  Face  and  feet  bluish. 

Note. — A  harsh  gor-r-r-rok  (Chapman). 

Nest. — 'Single  white  eggs  on  piles  of  sea- 
weed on  rocky  ledges  of  sea  cliffs. 

Range. — Breeds  on  islands  in  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  Winters  on  the  South  Atlantic 
coast.  30 


Family  AXHIXGIOS3. 
WATER-TURKEY;  SNAKE-BIRD;  DARTER 

118.  Anhinga  anhinga.     35  in. 

Form  slender.  Plumage  black  and  white 
as  shown.  White  plumes  on  the  neck  in 
summer.  Tail  long,  feathers  being  curiously 
crimped.  Expert  divers  and  swimmers. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  weeds  in  bushes  over 
water.  Four  bluish  eggs  with  chalky  deposit. 

Range. — Breeds  from  N.  Car.  and  southern 
111.  southward.    Resident  in  southern  states. 
Family  PHALACROCORACID^3. 
CORMORANT. 

119.  Phalacrocorax  carbo.     36  in. 

Neck  and  underparts  glossy  black.  Back 
brownish.  White  plumes  on  neck  and  patch 
on  flanks  during  summer.  Tail  short  and 
stiff. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  seaweed  on  ledges 
of  sea  cliffs.  Four  bluish  chalk-covered  eggs. 

Range. — Northern  Hemisphere.  Breeds 
from  Nova  Scotia  to  Greenland.  Winters 
south  to  Long  Island.  31 


DOUBLE-CRESTED   CORMORANT. 

120.  Phalacrocorax  auritus  auritus.     30  in. 
In  summer  with  a  tuft  of  feathers  above 

each  eye.  The  naked  throat  pouch  is  round- 
ed at  the  base  while  that  of  the  preceding 
species  is  heart-shaped.  Neck  and  under 
parts  greenish-black.  Back  brownish. 

Nest. — On  ledges  on  the  coast  and  on  the 
ground  or  in  trees  in  the  interior.  Three  or 
four  greenish-blue,  chalky  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Me.  and  Minn. 
Winters  south  from  N.  Car.  and  along  the 
Gulf  coast.  Florida  Cormorant,  which  is  a 
trifle  smaller  breeds  from  N.  Car.  and  south- 
ern 111.  southward. 

MEXICAN    CORMORANT. 

121.  Phalacrocorax  vigua  mexicanus.     25   in. 
In  summer  with  white  plumes  on  sides  of 

neck  and  white  feathers  about  the  pouch. 
Eyes  green  as  usual  with  cormorants. 

Range. — From  southern  111.  and  Kan.  south 
through  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies. 
32 


Family  PBLECANID^E. 
WHITE   PELICAN. 

125.  Pelecanus    erythrorhynchos.     60   in. 
Entirely  white,  with  black  primaries.   Bill, 

pouch  and  feet  yellow.  A  thin  upright  pro- 
jection on  top  of  the  upper  mandible  of  male 
birds  during  the  breeding  season.  Scoops  up 
fish  while  swimming  but  does  not  plunge 
after  them  from  the  air. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  weeds  on  the  ground. 
Two  or  three  pure  white  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds     from     Utah     northward. 
Winters  from  Fla.  to  southern  Cal. 
BROWN   PELICAN. 

126.  Pelecanus  occidentalis.     54  in. 

Pouch  greenish.  Back  of  neck  and  under 
parts  rich  brown.  Back  gray.  Feet  of  both 
species  fully  webbed. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  or  in  low  trees. 
Three  to  five  pure  white  eggs. 

Range. — South   Atlantic   and   Gulf   States. 
Casually  north  to  Mass  and  Ind. 
33 


Family  FREGATID^E. 
FRIGATE  BIRD;    MAN-O-WAR  BIRD. 

128.  Fregata  aquila.    40  in. 

Male  black  all  over,  glossed  with  purple 
on  the  back.  Female  with  considerable 
white  below  and  young  with  white  head 
and  under  parts.  Feet  fully  webbed. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  low  trees  or  bushes. 
One  pure  white  egg. 

. .  Range. — From  our  southern  border  south- 
ward.   Casual  north  to  Nova  Scotia. 

Order  ANSERS.    Family  ANATID^E. 
MERGANSER. 

129.  Mergus  americanus.     25  in. 

Male  black  and  white  as  shown,  the  head 
being  glossed  with  green.  Female  with 
brown  head  (crested)  and  gray  back.  Nos- 
tril half  way  between  eye  and  tip  of  bill. 

Nest. — In  holes  of  trees  or  on  the  ground. 
Six  or  more  creamy-buff  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds    north    from    Me.,    Mich, 
and  Ore.     Winters  throughout  the  U.  S. 
34 


RED-BREASTED    MERGANSER. 

130.  Mergus  serrator.   .  22  in. 

Male  marked  as  shown,  the  head  being 
glossed  with  green  and  crested.  Breast 
streaked  and  tinged  with  brown.  Female 
brownish-gray  and  white.  Head  slightly 
crested.  Nostril  nearer  the  eye  than  it  is 
to  the  tip  of  the  bill. 

Nest.— On  the  ground.     Lined  with  down. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Me.  and  Minn. 
Winters  throughout  the  U.  S. 

HOODED  MERGANSER. 

131.  Lophodytes  cucullatus.     17  in. 

Male  black  and  white,  with  brown  flanks. 
Flattened  circular  crest.  Female  gray  and 
white  with  brownish  head.  Bills  of  all  mer- 
gansers are  cylindrical  and  toothed. 

Nest. — In  holes  in  trees;  near  streams  or 
lakes.  Eggs  grayish-white. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  throughout  the  U. 
S.  and  southern  Canada.  Winters  in  south- 
ern states. 

35 


MALLARD. 

132.  Anas  platyrhynchos.    23  in. 

Male  with  green  head,  brown  breast  and 
blue  speculum  on  the  wing  bordered  with 
white.  Female  streaked  and  mottled  with 
buff  and  brown  but  wings  like  those  of  the 
male. 

Notes. — A  loud  quacking. 

Nest. — Of  down  in  hollows  on  the  ground. 
Six  to  ten  olive-green  or  buff  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds    locally    from    the    Arctic 
Circle  south  to  Md.,  Mo.  and  Cal.    Winters 
throughout  the  U.  S.  in  favorable  localities. 
BLACK  DUCK. 

133.  Anas  rubripes.     22  in. 

Sexes  very  similar  in  plumage.  Blackish 
with  buffy  margine  to  the  feathers.  Specu- 
lum blue,  with  little  or  no  white  edging. 

Note. — A  loud  quacking. 

Nest. — Six  to  ten  buff  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Md.,  Wise,  and 
Ind.  Winters  along  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
coasts.  36 


FLORIDA   DUCK. 

134.  Anas  fulvigula  fulvigula.    21  in. 

Paler  and  more  buffy  than  the  preceding 
species,  the  throat  being  buff  without  any 
streaking  Sexes  very  similar  in  plumage. 

Range. — Western  coast  of  Fla.  Mottled 
Duck  (A.  f.  maculosa)  is  similar  but  mot- 
tled with  black  on  the  belly.  It  is  resident 
in  southern  La.  and  Tex. 

GADWALL. 

135.  Chaulelasmus  streperus,     20  in. 

Male  barred  with  black  and  white.  Specu- 
lum white,  shoulders  chestnut.  Female  sim- 
ilar but  with  gray  shoulders  and  gray  and 
white  speculum. 

Notes. — A  rapid,  shrill  quacking. 

Nest. — Of  down  on  the  ground.  Seven  to 
ten  creamy-buff  eggs. 

Range. — Cosmopolitan.    In  America  breed- 
ing   from    southern   Wise.,    Nebr.    and    Col. 
northward.    Winters  from  N.  Car.,  southern 
111.  and  British  Columbia  southward. 
37 


EUROPEAN  WIDGEON. 

136.  Mareca  penelope.     19  in. 

Whole  head  reddish-brown  except  crown 
which  is  light  buff.  Shoulders  white  and 
specuulm  green.  Female  with  blackish  spec- 
ulum and  streaked  and  spotted  under  parts. 

Range. — An  European  species.  Occurs  cas- 
ually in  eastern  U.  S.  and  Canada  during 
winter. 

BALDPATE. 

137.  Mareca   americana.     19   in. 

Wing  coverts  and  top  of  head  white.  Spec- 
ulum and  stripe  on  the  side  of  the  head 
green.  Breast  and  flanks  rich  buff.  Female 
with  no  green  on  the  head,  which  is  speckled. 

Note. — A  clear  shrill  whistle. 

Nest. — Eight  or  ten  buff  eggs  in  a  bed  of 
down  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Ind.,  Kans. 
and  Ore.  Winters  from  southern  111.  and 
Md.  southward.  Casually  occurs  during  mi- 
gration along  the  Atlantic  coast  north  to 
Nova  Scotia.  38 


GREEN-WINGED   TEAL. 

139.  Xettion   carolinensc.     14  in. 

Male  with  brown  head,  green  patch  back 
of  the  eyes,  white  crescent  in  front  of  wing 
and  green  speculum.  Female  with  similar 
wings  but  otherwise  spotted  and  streaked 
with  buff  and  brown. 

Note. — Shrill  whistles. 

Nest. — Five  to  nine  buff  eggs  on  the 
ground  in  a  down-lined  hollow. 

Range. — Breeds  northward  from  New 
Brunswick,  Ont.,  Ill  and  Cal.  Winters  south 
from  R.  I.  and  Ind. 

BLUE-WINGED   TEAL. 

140.  Querquedida  discors.     15j^  in. 

Male  with  gray  head,  white  crescent  in 
front  of  eye  and  light  blue  shoulders.  Fe- 
male streaked  and  spotted  but  with  similar 
wings. 

Note. — Weak,  rapid  quacks. 

Nest. — Six  to  ten  buff  colored  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Me.,  Ind.  and 
Ore.  Winters  south  from  Md.  and  111. 


CINNAMON  TEAL. 

141.  Querquedula  cyanoptera.     16  in. 

Male  mostly  bright  chestnut.  Shoulders 
light  blue,  speculum  green.  Female  buffy, 
spotted  with  black  and  brown  but  with  wings 
similar  to  those  of  the  male. 

Range. — Western.  Breeds  from  western 
Kans.  and  British  Columbia  southward.  Cas- 
ual east  to  N.  Y.  and  Fla. 

SHOVELLER;    BROAD-BILL. 

142.  Spatula  clypeata.    20  in. 

Bill  long  and  broad.  Head  green,  should- 
ers light  blue,  speculum  green  and  belly 
bright  chestnut.  Female  streaked  and  spot- 
ted with  buff  and  blackish  but  with  similar 
wings 

Nest. — Of  fine  grasses  and  weeds  on  the 
ground,  the  hollow  being  lined  with  down. 
Six  to  ten  grayish  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Ind.,  Mo.,  Tex. 
and  Cal.  Winters  from  Md.,  111.  and  Wash, 
southward.  Casual  during  migrations  north 
to  Newfoundland. 

40 


PINTAIL;    SPRIGTAIL. 

143.  Dafila  acuta.     22  in. 

Neck  long.  Central  tail  feathers'  length- 
ened. Head  coffee-brown.  Speculum  green, 
bordered  with  buff.  Female  streaked  and 
spotted  with  buff  and  blackish. 

Note. — Low  quacks. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  northern  111., 
la.  and  Cal.  Winters  from  Del.,  Pa.  and  Wise, 
south  to  Panama.  Casual  north  to  Greenland 
WOOD  DUCK. 

144.  Aix  sponsa.     19  in. 

Male  resplendent  in  pulmage  with  irides- 
cent reds,  purples  and  green  on  head,  back 
and  wings.  Breast  purplish-brown  with  white 
spots.  Female  gray  and  white,  with  a  prom- 
inent white  patch  above  the  eyes. 

Note. — Clear  whistles  and  a  sharp  hoo-eeJc. 

Nest. — In  hollow  trees.  Bight  to  fifteen 
buff  colored  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  throughout  the  U. 
S.  and  southern  Canada.  Winters  in  south- 
ern states 

41 


REDHEAD. 

146.  Marila  americana.     19  in. 

Bill  bluish,  with  black  tip.  Head  bright 
reddish-brown.  Back  gray,  with  fine  black 
bars.  Eye  yellow.  Female  dull  grayish. 
Easily  distinguished  from  the  following  spe- 
cies by  the  shape  of  the  bill. 

Note. — Hollow  croaks. 

Nest. — Six  to  twelve  buffy-white  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Wise.,  N.  Dak. 
and  southern  Cal.  Winters  from  Mass,  and 
111.  southward.  To  Labrador  in  migrations. 
CANVAS-BACK. 

147.  Marila  valisneria.    21  in. 

Bill  black.  Eyes  red.  Head  reddish-brown 
shading  to  black  about  the  bill.  Back  much 
whiter  than  that  of  the  Redhead  Notice 
that  the  bill  is  high  at  base  forming  nearly 
a  straight  line  with  top  of  head. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  southern  Minn, 
and  Ore.  Winters  south  from  Md.,  Ill  and 
British  Columbia.  Casual  in  Me.  during  fall. 
42 


SCAUP    DUCK;    BLUEBILL. 

148.  Marila   mania.     18  in. 

Head  with  slight  greenish  gloss.  Other- 
wise black  and  white  as  shown.  Female 
similar  to  Redhead  but  with  white  speculum, 

Range. — Breeds   from  X.  Dak.  northward. 
Winters  from  Me.,  Ont.  and  Alaska  south. 
LESSER  SCAUP  DUCK  (not  figured). 

149.  Marila  affinis.     17  in. 

Very  similar  to  the  last  species  but  head 
glossed  with  purple. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Ind.  and  Wash. 
Winters  south  from  X.  J.  and  Lake  Erie. 
Most  common  on  fresh  water,  the  preceding 
on  salt. 

RING-NECKED   DUCK. 

150.  Marila  collaris.     17  in. 

Head  glossed  with  purple.  Chestnut  col- 
lar about  neck.  Back  wholly  black.  Female 
with  white  eye-ring  and  cheeks. 

Range. — Breeds   north   from   la.   and   Cal. 
Winters  south  from  X.  J.,  Ill  and  Wash. 
43 


GOLDEN-EYE;  WHISTLER. 

151.  Clangula  clangula  americana.    20  in. 
Male  with  green  head,  with  round  white 

spot  in  front  of  eye.  Otherwise  black  and 
white  as  shown.  Female  with  brown  head 
and  gray  and  white  body  as  shown. 

Note. — A  hoarse  croak.  A  whistling  pro- 
duced by  the  rapid  motion  of  the  wings. 

Nest. — Usually  in  hollow  trees.  Six  to  ten 
grayish-green  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Me.,  northern 
N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Wash.  Winters  through- 
out the  U.  S.  where  open  water  can  be  found. 
BARROW  GOLDEN-EYE. 

152.  Clangula  islandica.     20  in. 

Head  blue-black,  with  white  crescent  be- 
fore the  eye.  Bill  higher  at  the  base  and 
shorter  than  the  last,  this  distinguishing 
females 

Range. — Breeds  from  Quebec  to  Ungava 
and  from  Ore.  to  Alaska.  Winters  south  to 
northern  U.  S.  A  much  rarer  species  than 
the  preceding.  44 


BUFLE-HEAD. 

153.  Charitonetta  albeola.     14  in. 

Puffy  head  glossed  with  purple  and  green, 
and  with  large  white  patch  back  of  eye. 
Rest  of  plumage  black  and  white  as  shown. 
Female  gray,  with  white  spot  behind  eye 
and  white  speculum.  Wonderful  divers. 

Nest. — In  hollow  trees. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Ont,  Mont,  and  Brit- 
ish Columbia  northward.     Winters  through- 
out the  U.  S.  where  open  water  occurs. 
OLD-SQUAW;    LONG-TAILED  DUCK. 

154.  Harelda   hyemalis.     21    in. 

In  winter  shown  by  the  lower  bird,  the 
breast  being  brown.  In  summer  shown  by 
the  flying  bird.  Female  similar  but  with 
short  tail. 

Note. — Loud,  confused,  musical  gabbling. 

Nest. — Of  down  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Breeds    in   Arctic    regions.     Win- 
ters from  Greenland,  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Aleutian  Islands  south  to  X.  Car.  and  Cal. 
45 


HARLEQUIN   DUCK. 

155.  Histrionicus   histrionicus.     17   in. 

Male  chiefly  blue  gray  curiously  marked 
with  black  and  white.  Flanks  bright  chest- 
nut. Female  brownish-gray  with  white  spot 
in  front  of  and  behind  the  eyes. 

Note. — A  rapid  whistling. 

Nest. — in  hollow  stumps  or  concealed 
among  rocks.  Five  to  eight  greenish-buff 
eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  Newfoundland 
and  Mackenzie  and  in  mountains  to  Col.  and 
Cal.  Usually  along  mountain  streams.  Win- 
ters in  the  Great  Lakes  and  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  Maine. 

LABRADOR  DUCK. 

156.  Camptorhynchus  labradorius.    20  in. 
Black  and  white  as  shown.  Female  brown- 
ish, black  spotted  and  with  white  speculum. 

Range. — Extinct  since  1871.     Formerly  oc- 
curred on  the  North  Atlantic  coast  and  prob- 
ably bred  in  Labrador. 
46 


NORTHERN    EIDER    (not   figured). 

159.  Somateria   mollissima  borealis.     23  in. 
Just  like  the  following  species  except  that 

the  soft  base  of  the  bill  extends  on  either 
side  of  the  forehead  in  a  point  instead  of 
being  rounded. 

Range. — Breeds   north   from    Ungava   and 
Hudson  Bay.    Winters  south  rarely  to  Mass. 
EIDER. 

160.  Somateria  dresseri.     23  in. 

Black  and  white  as  shown.  Back  of  head 
tinged  with  sea-green  and  breast  with  buff. 
Female  brown,  with  black  barring. 

Nest. — Of  down.    Six  to  ten  greenish  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Me.  northward.  Win- 
ters south  to  Mass,  and  casually  to  Va. 

KING  EIDER. 
162.     Somateria  sfiectabilis.     23  in. 

Black  and  white  as  shown.     Crown  light 
blue.   Female  brown  with  black  bars. 
. .  Range. — Breeds    in    Arctic    region.      Win- 
ters  south   to   Long  Island   and   the   Great 
Lakes.  47 


SCOTER;  SEA  COOT;  BUTTER-BILL. 

163.     Oidemia  americana.     19  in. 

Male  wholly  black.  Enlarged  base  of  bill 
yellow.  Iris  brown.  Female  plain  brownish- 
black,  lighter  below. 

Note. — Musical  whistles. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.    Eggs  creamy-buff. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Newfoundland  and 
Hudson  Bay  northward.  Winters  on  the 
Great  Lakes  and  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S. 

WHITE-WINGED    SCOTER. 
165.     Oidemia  deglandi.     22  in. 

Male  wholly  black  but  with  broad  white 
wing  bars  and  narrow  line  back  of  eye.  Fe- 
male blackish-brown  but  with  wing  patch. 

Nest. — Of  down,  concealed  in  grass  on  the 
ground.  Five  to  eight  buffy  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  northward  from  Quebec 
and  N.  Dak.  Winters  in  the  Great  Lakes 
and  on  both  coasts  of  the  U.  S.  Often  con- 
gregates in  immense  flocks  known  to  gun- 
ners as  "rafts,"  floating  well  off  shore. 
48 


SURF  SCOTER;   SKUNK-HEAD  COOT. 

166.  Oidemia  perspicillata.     20  in. 

Male  black,  with  patch  of  white  on  fore- 
head   and    another    on    the   nape.     Female 
brownish-gray  with  patch  of  white  in  front 
of  each  eye.    Young  birds  also  with  a  patch  ^ 
behind  the  eye. 

Nest.— A  feather-lined  hollow  en  ground. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Quebec,  Keewatin 
and  northern  British  Columbia  northward. 
Winters  south  to  Great  Lakes  and  N.  Car. 

RUDDY  DUCK;    BROAD-BILL  DIPPER. 

167.  Erismatiira  jamaicensis.     15  in. 

Male  in  full  plumage  bright  chestnut  above 
and  on  the  breast.  Crown  black,  cheeks 
white.  Usually  the  back  is  more  or  less 
grayish.  Female  grayish,  but  showing  traces 
of  the  white  cheek  patch. 

Nest. — Of  grass  and  feathers  on  the 
ground.  Eggs  large  and  grayish. 

Range. — Breeds     north     from     Me.,     Ont., 
Mich.,  and  southern  Cal. 
49 


LESSER  SNOW  GOOSE. 

169.     Chen  hyperboreus  hyperboreus.     25  in. 

Pure  white  except  for  the  black  primaries. 
Bill  and  feet  reddish,  the  toothed  sides  of 
the  former  being  black.  Young  birds  are 
more  or  less  mixed  with  gray. 

Note. — Sometimes  "honks"  but  usually 
silent. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.    Eggs  pure  white. 

GREATER  SNOW  GOOSE. 
169a.     Chen  hyperboreus  nivalis.     33  in. 

Just  like  the  preceding  except  in  size. 

Range. — Both  breed  in  Arctic  regions,  the 
former  in  western  parts  and  the  latter  in 
eastern.  The  former  winter  in  Miss.  Val- 
ley and  westward,  the  latter  on  the  South 
Atlantic  Coast  and  west  to  the  Miss.  River. 

BLUE  GOOSE. 
169.1     Chen  ccerulescens.    28  in. 

Slaty-blue  and  white  as  shown. 

Range. — Breeds  probably  in  northern  Un- 
gava.    Winters  in  the  lower  Miss.  Valley. 
50 


WHITE-FRONTED  GOOSE. 

171a.    Anser  albifrons  gambeli.     28  in. 

Plumage  gray,  white  and  black  as  shown, 
the  forehead  being  conspicuously  white. 
Young  birds  are  similar  but  lack  this  white. 

Note. — Confused,    laughter-like   honking. 

Nest. — Of  feathers  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Breeds  in  northwestern  Canada 
and  Alaska.  Winters  south  from  N.  J.,  111. 
and  British  Columbia. 

CANADA  GOOSE;  WILD  GOOSE. 
172.     Branta   canadensis   canadensis.     38  in. 

Back  brownish-gray.  Otherwise  black  and 
white  as  shown.  Flight  performed  in  a  char- 
acteristic V-shaped  line. 

Note. — Loud  honking  sounding  not  unlike 
the  baying  of  hounds. 

Nest. — A  pile  of  weeds  and  grass,  lined 
with  feathers.  Eggs  buff-colored. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Ind.,   Col.  and  Ore. 
northward,    and    casually    in    northeastern 
states.    Winters  in  the  southern  half  of  U.  S. 
51 


BRANT. 

173.     Branta  bernicla  glaucogastra.     26  in. 

Back  brownish-gray.  Rest  of  plumage 
black  and  white  as  shown.  Flight  usually 
without  regular  formation. 

Nest. — A  depression  in  the  ground,  lined 
with  feathers.  Eggs  buffy. 

Range. — Breeds  on  Arctic  islands.  Win- 
ters on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.,  south- 
ward. Rarely  occurs  in  the  interior. 

BLACK-BELLIED  TREE    DUCK. 

177.1.    Dendrocygna  autumnalis.     22  in. 

Head  and  neck  gray  and  white.  Breast 
and  back  brownish.  Belly  black. 

Note.— A  loud  shrill  whistle. 

Nest. — In  cavities  of  trees.  The  six  to 
fifteen  eggs  are  pure  white. 

Range. — Breeds   in   southern   Texas,   Mex- 
ico and  the  West  Indies. 
52 


FULVOUS  TREE   DUCK. 

178.     Dendroc\gna   bicolor.     22   in. 

Head,  neck  and  under  parts  bright  buff. 
Back  chiefly  black,  with  buff  edges  to  the 
feathers.  A  black  line  down  the  back  of  the 
neck. 

Nest. — A  feather-lined  cavity  in  a  tree. 
Ten  to  fifteen  pure  white  eggs.  As  many  as 
thirty-two  have  been  found  in  one  nest,  prob- 
ably laid  by  two  birds. 

Range. — Breeds  south  from  Tex.  and 
southern  Cal.  Casual  in  La. 

WHISTLING   SWAN. 

180.     Olor  columbiana.     54  in. 

Pure  white.  Bill  black  with  yellow  spot  in 
front  of  eye.  Nostril  nearer  to  tip  of  bill 
than  to  eye,  which  distinguishes  it  from 
Trumpeter  Swan,  a  more  western  species. 

Note. — Peculiar  flageolet-like  tones. 

Range. — Breeds   on   Arctic   islands.    Win- 
ters south  from  Mr.  and  Lake  Erie. 
53 


Order  ODONTOGLOSS^. 

Family  PHGENICOPTERID.E. 

FLAMINGO. 

182.  Phcenicopterus  ruber.    46  in. 

Bill  distorted  and  box-like,  black  and  yel- 
low. Plumage  chiefly  bright  salmon-color. 
Primaries  black.  Flies  with  neck  and  legs 
fully  extended. 

Nest. — A  hollowed  mound  of  mud  about 
ten  inches  high.  Single  white,  chalky  egg. 

Range. — Breeds  from  the  Bahamas  south- 
ward.   Casual  on  the  Florida  Keys. 
ROSEATE  SPOONBILL. 

183.  A jala  ajaja.     33  in. 

Bill  very  thin  and  broad  at  the  end.  Bald 
head  and  bill  colored  green  and  yellow. 
Plumage  pink  and  white,  adult  birds  hav- 
ing bright  crimson  shoulders. 

Nest. — Frail  platform  of  sticks  in  bushes 
or  low  trees.  Eggs  greenish-blue  spotted 
with  brownish. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Ga.  and  the  Gulf 
States  southward.  54 


Order  HERODIONES. 

Family  PLATALEID^E. 

WHITE   IBIS. 

184.  Guara  alba.     25  in. 

Pure  white  except  for  the  black  primaries. 
Bill,  face  and  legs  orange-yellow.  Young 
birds  are  more  or  less  streaked  with  brown. 

Note. — Loud  harsh  croaks. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  bushes  or  low  trees. 
Three  or  four  white  eggs,  with  brown  spots. 

Range. — Breeds   southward   from   S.   Car., 
the  Gulf  States  and  Lower  Cal.  Casual  north 
to  111.,  Vt.  and  other  northern  states. 
SCARLET    IBIS. 

185.  Guara    nibra.     25    in. 

Bright  scarlet  except  for  the  black  pri- 
maries. Bill,  face  and  legs  reddish.  Young 
birds  are  more  of  less  streaked  with  gray, 
particularly  on  the  head  and  neck. 

Range. — Tropical  South  America^     Casual 
in   the   West   Indies   and   has    straggled   to 
some  of  our  southern  states. 
55 


GLOSSY   IBIS    (not  figured). 

186.  Plegadis  autumnalis.    25  in. 

Like  the  next,  which  is  the  most  common 
species  but  without  the  white  feathers  about 
the  base  of  the  bill. 

Range. — Rare  and  local  in  Fla.  and  La.. 
WHITE-FACED    GLOSSY    IBIS. 

187.  Plegadis  guarauna.     24  in. 

Plumage  rich  purplish-brown.  Wings  and 
tail  iridescent  with  greenish.  Bill,  face  and 
legs  reddish.  White  feathers  about  face. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  bushes  or  on  rushes 
attached  to  living  stalks.  Eggs  greenish- 
blue. 

Range. — Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ore.  southward. 
WOOD   IBIS. 

188.  Mycteria  americana.     40  in. 
Plumage  white  except  black  primaries  and 

tail.   Bill,  naked  head  and  legs  grayish-blue. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  bushes.  Three  or  four 
white,  granular  eggs. 

Range. — South  from  S.  Car.,  Mo.  and  south- 
ern Cal.  Casual  north  to  Vt. 


Family  ARDEID^E. 
BITTERN. 

190.  Botaurus  lentiginosus.     28  in. 
Plumage  variegated  with  brown,  yellowish- 
brown  and  black. 

Note. — A  squawk  of  alarm.  A  hollow, 
choking  punk-er-lunk. 

Nest. — -Of  grasses  or  rushes  on  the  ground. 
Three  or  four  brownish  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  from   N.   Car.,   Kans.  and 
southern  Cal.  north  to  Ungava  and  British 
Columbia.    Winters  in  southern  states. 
LEAST   BITTERN. 

191.  Lrobrvchus  exilis.     13  in. 

Plumage'  largely  yellowish-brown  and 
white,  the  back  and  crown  of  the  male  being 
black  while  the  same  regions  are  brown  on 
the  female.  Head  slightly  crested. 

Nest. — Of  rushes  attached  to  upright 
stalks.  Three  or  four  bluish  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  throughout  the  U. 
S.  and  southern  Canada.  Winters  in  south- 
ern states.  57 


CORY  LEAST  BITTERN. 

191.1.    Ixobrychus  neoxenus.     13  in. 

Head,  neck,  wing  coverts  and  under  parts 
bright  chestnut.  Back,  crown,  tail  and  bal- 
ance of  wings  black.  Bill  and  feet  yellow. 

Range. — The  habits  and  range  of  this 
species  are  imperfectly  known.  They  are 
among  our  rarest  birds  and  are  known  to 
breed  only  in  southern  Ontario  and  Fla. 
They  occur  casually  in  Mass.,  Mich  .and 
Wise. 

GREAT  WHITE   HERON. 

192.    Ardea  occidentalis.     50  in. 

Bill,  face  and  legs  yellow.  Plumage  whol- 
ly white.  Feathers  of  crown  and  breast 
lengthened. 

Nest. — A  large  platform  of  sticks  in  man- 
groves. Eggs  plain  greenish-blue. 

Range. — Region  bordering  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico from  southern  Fla.  to  Cuba  and  Yucatan. 
Casual  north  to  the  Anclote  River,  Fla. 
58 


GREAT  BLUE  HERON. 

194.    Ardea  herodias  herodias.     48  in. 

Adults  with  white  center  to  the  crown. 
Black  plumes  from  back  of  head,  white 
plumes  on  the  back  and  breast.  Young 
with  no  plumes  and  a  gray  and  white  plum- 
age; no  black. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  tall  trees  usually  in 
swampy  woods.  Three  or  four  bluish  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
southern  Canada.  Winters  south  from  the 
Middle  States  and  Ohio  Valley.  Ward  Heron 
(A.  h.  icardi)  which  is  lighter  below  and 
with  a  browner  neck  is  found  in  Fla. 

GREAT  WHITE   EGRET. 
196.     Herodias  egretta.    41  in. 

Bill  and  face  yellow.  Legs  black,  plum- 
age entirely  white.  Adults  during  summer 
with  long,  straight  "aigrette"  plumes  grow- 
ing from  the  middle  of  the  back. 

Range. — Breeds  from  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
along  the  Gulf  coast  to  Tex. 
59 


SNOWY   EGRET. 

197.  Egretta  cand.  candidissima.     24  in. 

Bill  and  legs  black.  Face  and  toes  yellow_ 
Plumage  white.  In  summer  with  numerous 
recurved  "aigrette"  plumes  from  the  back 
and  others  on  the  breast  and  back  of  the 
head. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  twigs  in  bushes  over 
water.  In  colonies  or  with  other  herons. 
Three  or  four  pale  greenish-blue  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds    locally   from   N.    Car.   to 
Fla.  and  along  the  coast  to  La.     Casual  or 
accidental  in  northern  states. 
REDDISH  EGRET. 

198.  Dichromanassa  rufescens.     29  in. 

Two  color  phases,  the  gray  being  the  most 
common.  Head  and  neck  reddish-brown. 
Rest  of  plumage  a  blue-gray.  Slender 
straight  plumes  on  the  back  and  lengthened 
feathers  of  back  of  head,  neck  and  breast. 
Other  plumage  wholly  white. 

Range. — Breeds  in  the  Gulf  coast  states. 
Casual  north  to  111.  $0 


LOUISIANA  HERON. 

199.  Hydranassa  tricolor  ruficollis.     26  in. 
Head   and   neck   dull   purple,   back  slaty; 

throat,  line  down  the  front  of  the  neck  and 
under  parts  white.  In  breeding  season  with 
plumes  on  the  back  of  the  head. 

Nest. — In  bushes  in  swamps.  Three  or 
four  pale  bluish-green  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  south  from  X.  Car.  and 
along  the  Gulf  coast.  Casually  north  to 
Long  Island  and  Ind. 

LITTLE    BLUE    HERON. 

200.  Florida  carulea.     22  in. 

Head  and  neck  maroon.  Plumage  of  body 
deep  slaty-blue.  Plumes  on  back  of  head,  on 
breast  and  on  the  back.  Young  birds  are 
pure  white,  usually  with  traces  of  gray  on 
the  primaries.  The  fact  that  the  feet  as 
well  as  the  legs  are  greenish-black  distin- 
guishes them  from  Snowy  Egrets. 

Range. — Breeds  in  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States.  Wanders  casually  north  to  New 
England  and  Ontario.  61 


GREEN   HERON. 

201.  Butorides  virescens  virescens.     17  in. 
Adults  with  rich   maroon   neck,   greenish 

crown  and  crest;  green  wings  and  tail,  the 
feathers  of  the  former  being  edged  with  buff, 
and  light  blue-gray  plumes  on  the  back. 

Note. — Usually  a  single  shrill  shriek. 

Nest. — Of  twigs  in  bushes  or  trees  usually 
near  water.  Eggs  pale  bluish-green. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  eastern  U.  S. 
and  southern  Canada.  Winters  south  from 
the  West  Indies. 

BLACK-CROWNED  NIGHT  HERON. 

202.  Nycticorax  nycticorax  navius.     24  in. 
Adults  black,   white  and  gray,  as   shown 

by  the  lower  bird.  With  three  slender  white 
plumes  from  the  back  of  the  head.  Young 
birds  without  plumes  and  streaked  brownish- 
gray  and  white.  Eyes  red  in  adults,  yellow 
in  young  birds. 

Note. — A  harsh  quark. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
southern  Canada.  Winters  in  south. 


YELLOW-CROWNED  NIGHT  HERON. 

203.  Nyctanassa  violacea.     23  in. 

Black,  white  and  gray  as  shown.  Three 
slender  white  plumes  on  the  nape  and  long 
black,  gray-edged  ones  on  the  hack.  Young 
birds  are  streaked  brownish-gray  and  white. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  trees  in  swamps.  Three 
or  four  pale  greenish-blue  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  from  S.  Car.  and  southern 
111.  southward.    Winters  south  from  Fla. 
Order  PALUDICOL^B.     Family  GRUID.E. 
WHOOPING  CRANE. 

204.  Grus  americana.     50  in. 

Plumage  white,  except  the  black  primaries. 
Inner  wing  feathers  long  and  flowing.  Face 
bare  and  reddish. 

Note. — A  loud  whooping  scream. 

Nest. — Of  weeds  on  the  ground  in  marshes. 
Two  buff  eggs  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds     in     Saskatchewan     and 
Mackenzie;   formerly  south  to  111.     Winters 
from  the  Gulf  States  to  central  Mexico. 
63 


LITTLE   BROWN   CRANE   (not  figured). 

205.  Grus  canadensis.    36  in. 

Smaller  and  browner  than  the  next  more 
common  species. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Keewatin  to  north- 
ern Alaska.    Winters  south  to  Texas. 
SANDHILL  CRANE. 

206.  Grus  mexicana.     44  in. 

Plumage  wholly  gray,  with  traces  of  brown. 
Nest. — A  mound  of  weeds  on  the  ground. 
Two  deep  buff  eggs  with  brown  spots. 

Range. — Breeds    in   the   Gulf   States;    for- 
merly north  to  Ontario  and  Saskatchewan. 

Family  ARAMID^E. 
LIMPKIN;    COURLAN. 

207.  Aramus  rotifer  us.     27  in. 
Brownish-black,  streaked  and  spotted  with 

white  as  shown. 

Note. — A  peculiar  wailing  \cliee-ee-eu. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  grass  in  thickets  in 
swamps.    Eggs  buff,  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Fla.,  north  to  S.  Car. 
64 


Family  RALLID^E. 

KING   RAIL. 
208.     Rallns  elegans.     18  in. 

Back  handsomely  patterned  with  black, 
olive-gray  and  brown;  neck  and  breast  cin- 
namon-brown; flanks  sharply  barred  with 
black  and  white. 

Note. — Loud,  explosive  gruntings. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  eastern  U.  S. 
Winters  in  the  southern  states. 
CLAPPER   RAIL. 
211.     Rallus  crepitans  crepitans.     15  in 

Above  olive-gray  with  little  black  mark- 
ing. Breast  brown.  Flanks  barred  with  gray. 

Notes. — Loud  and  clattering 

Nest. — Of  grasses  on  the  ground  in 
marshes.  Six  to  fourteen  buff  eggs  with 
brown  spots. 

Range. — Salt  marshes  from  southern  New 
England  to  N.  Car.,  La.  Clapper  Rail  (R.  c. 
saturate)  occurs  on  coast  of  La.;  Fla.  Clap- 
per in  Fla.;  and  Wayne  Clapper  on  South 
Atlantic  coast. 


VIRGINIA   RAIL. 

212.     Rallus  virginianus.    9l/>  in. 

Brightly  marked  with  black  and  olive- 
brown  above;  breast  and  neck  bright  cin- 
namon-brown and  flanks  barred  with  black. 
Colored  almost  like  the  King  Rail. 

Note. — A  guttural,  rattling  cut-cut-cut-e-e. 

Nest. — Of  grasses  on  the  ground  in 
marshes  or  among  rushes.  Eight  to  twelve 
creamy-white  eggs,  specked  with  brown  . 

Range. — Breeds  from  N.  J.,  Mo.  and  Cal. 
northward.  Winters  in  the  southern  half 
of  the  U.  S. 

SORA  RAIL;  CAROLINA  RAIL. 
214.    Porzana  Carolina.    &/2  in. 

Adults  gray  and  olive-brown,  with  black 
face.  Young  birds  browner  and  without 
black  on  the  throat 

Note. — A  rapid  clucking,  kuk,  kuk,  kuk,  kuk. 

Nest. — Of  grass  on  the  ground  in  marshes. 
Eggs  deep  buff,  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  north  from  N.  J.,  Mo.  and 
Cal.  66 


YELLOW   RAIL. 

215.  Coturnicops  noi'cboracensis.     7  in. 
Barred    with    blackish-brown    and    white 

above.     Sides  of  head  and  breast  yellowish- 
buff.    Flanks  barred  with  black  and  white. 

Note. — Loud  clicking  sounds. 

Nest. — Of  rushes  and  grass  on  the  ground. 
Six  to  twelve  rich  buff  eggs  with  a  few 
specks  of  reddish-brown. 

Range. — Breeds  northward  from  Me.   and 
Minn.    Winters  in  the  Gulf  States  and  some- 
times in  Cal.   Very  secretive  in  habits. 
BLACK  RAIL. 

216.  Creciscus  jamaicensis.     5  in. 
Slate-colored,  the  feathers  on  the  back  be- 
ing edged  with  white  and  the  flanks  barred 
with  black  and  white.    Back  of  neck  brown. 

Note. — Rapid  clicking  sounds. 

Nest.— Of  grasses  on  the  ground  in  marshy 
places.  Eggs  white,  with  brown  dots. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  throughout  eastern 
U.  S.   Secretive  and  difficult  to  find. 
67 


PURPLE  GALLINULE. 

218.  lonornis  martinicus.     13  in. 

Bill  short  stout,  red  and  yellow,  extending 
on  the  forehead  in  the  form  of  a  scaly  shield. 
Head,  neck  and  under  parts  purplish,  back 
greenish  and  under  tail  coverts  white. 

Nest. — Woven  of  grasses  and  rushes,  either 
on  the  ground  or  in  rushes  close  to  it.  Their 
five  to  ten  eggs  are  cream  color,  with  red- 
dish-brown spots. 

Range. — Breeds  south  from  S..Car.,  Tenn. 
and  Tex.  Casually  north  in  summer  to  Nova 
Scotia  and  Ontario. 

FLORIDA   GALLINULE;    MUD    HEN. 

219.  Gallinula  galeata.     13  in. 

Bill  and  crown  plate  red,  tipped  with  yel- 
low. Legs  greenish,  with  a  red  ring  about 
the  top.  Plumage  gray  and  white. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  or  attached  to  rushes 
above  water.  Eggs  cream  color,  spotted. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  through  the  U.  S. 
and  in  Ontario.  Winters  in  southern  states. 
68 


COOT;    MUD   HEN. 

221.  Fulica  americana.     15  in. 

Bill  and  frontal  shield  white,  the  former 
with  a  black  band  across  the  middle.  Toes 
with  lobed  webs.  Plumage  gray,  blackening 
on  the  neck  and  head.  Excellent  swimmers. 
Nest. — Of  grass  and  rushes  on  the  ground 
or  close  to  it.  Eggs  grayish-buff,  with  many 
black  dots. 

Range. — Breeds  from  southern  Canada 
south  to  N.  J.,  and  Tex.  Winters  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  U.  S. 

Order  LIMICOL^J. 

Family  PHALAROPODID^3. 

RED   PHALAROPE. 

222.  Phalaropus  fulicarius.     8  in. 

Toes  with  lobed  webs.  Adults  with  black 
crown,  white  cheeks  and  bright  rufous  under 
parts,  the  female  being  the  handsomer. 
Young  birds  largely  white,  with  gray  back. 

Range. — Breeds  in  Arctic  regions.  Migrates 
along  both  coasts  of  U.  S. 
69 


NORTHERN   PHALAROPE. 

223.  Lobipes  lobatus.     7l/>  in. 

Feet  lobate-webbed.  Adults  chiefly  gray 
above,  blackening  on  the  top  of  the  head; 
neck  and  sides  of  head  chestnut.  In  winter 
the  plumage  is  chiefly  gray  above  and  white 
below.  Female  larger  and  brightest  colored. 

Nest. — A  grass-lined  hollow  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Breeds   in   northern   Canada   and 
Alaska.     Migrates  throughout  the  17.  S.   to 
winter  home  in  southern  oceans. 
WILSON  PHALAROPE. 

224.  Steganopus  tricolor.     9  in. 

Gray  and  white,  with  a  black  stripe  through 
the  eye,  broadening  into  rich  brown  on  the 
sides  of  the  neck.  In  winter  plain  gray  and 
white.  Toes  lobed.  Bill  slender. 

Nest. — Of  grass  on  the  ground.  Four  deep 
buff  eggs  blotched  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  in  western  North  America, 
east  to  Alberta  and  the  Miss.  River.    Casual 
in  Atlantic  coast  states. 
70 


AVOCET;    BLUE-STOCKING. 

225.  Recurvirostra  americana.     17  in. 
Adults    black    and    white    as    shown,    the 

head  and  neck  being  more  or  less  tinged 
with  deep  buff.  In  winter  with  no  buff.  Legs 
blue;  foot  webbed.  Bill  curved  upward. 

Nest. — Of  grass  on  the  ground.  Four 
brownish-buff  eggs  blotched  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  in  western  North  America, 
east  to  Miss.  River  and  Manitoba.  Casual 
on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Winters  southward 
from  our  southwestern  border. 

BLACK-NECKED   STILT. 

226.  Himantopus  mexicanus.     15  in. 

Legs  red  and  exceedingly  long.  Plumage 
white  and  glossy  black  as  shown.  In  winter 
with  the  back  brownish-gray. 

Nest. — A  hollow  on  the  ground,  sometimes 
lined  with  grass.  Eggs  greenish-buff,  blotch- 
ed with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Col.  and  Ore.  south 
to  La.  and  southern  Cal.  and  in  Fla 
71 


Family  SCOLOPACID^E. 

WOODCOCK. 
228.     Philohela  minor.     11  in. 

Bill  long  and  heavy.  Legs  short.  Eye 
large  and  near  back  of  head.  Plumage  varie- 
gated with  browns,  gray  and  black.  Below 
rich  buff. 

Note. — Low  peeps  and  twitterings,  and  a 
whistling  made  by  the  wings  during  flight. 

Nest. — Four  buff  eggs,  with  brown  spots, 
laid  among  leaves  in  thickets  or  woods. 

Range. — Breeds  in  most  of  eastern  U.  S. 
and  southern  Canada.  Winters  in  the  south- 
ern states  and  north  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. 

WILSON   SNIPE. 
230.     Gallinago  delicata.     11  in. 

Bill  quite  slender  Not  as  stockily  built 
as  the  Woodcock.  Handsomely  marked  with 
black,  brown,  gray  and  white;  streaked  and 
barred  below  with  black. 

Note. — Sharp  whistles  as  they  fly. 

Range. — Breeds  in  Canada  and  northern 
U.  S.  Winters  chiefly  in  southern  U.  S. 


DOWITCHER. 

231.    Macrorhamphus  griseus  griseus.    \Ql/2  in. 

In  summer  black  and  buffy-brown  above; 
bright  rufous  below  barred  on  the  flanks  and 
specked  on  the  breast.  In  winter  gray  and 
white.  Bill  long  and  slender. 

Nest. — A  hollow  on  the  ground.  Eggs 
greenish-buff  with  black  spots. 

Range. — Breeds  in  Ungava  and  winters  in 
Brazil.  Long-billed  Dowitcher  breeds  in 
Alaska  and  northwestern  Canada  and  win- 
ters south  from  Fla.  and  Tex. 

STILT  SANDPIPER. 
233.     Micropalama  himantopus.     8^/2  in. 

In  summer  with  chestnut  ear  coverts  and 
much  brown  on  crown  and  back;  below  heav- 
ily barred  with  black.  In  winter  gray  above 
and  white  below  with  some  streaking.  Bill 
slender  and  only  moderately  long.  Legs 
rather  long  for  the  size  of  the  bird. 

Range. — Breeds    in    interior    or    northern 
Canada.    Winters  in  South  America. 
73 


KNOT;   GRAY-BACK. 

234.  Tringa  canutus.     W*/2  in. 

In  summer  mottled  gray  and  buff  above. 
Under  parts  rufous  without  markings.  In 
winter  gray  and  white  above  and  white  be- 
low. Bill  moderately  stout. 

Note. — Whistles  not  unlike  those  of  sev- 
eral species  of  sandpipers. 

Range. — Breeds  within  the  Arctic  Circle. 
Winters    from    the    South    Atlantic    States 
south  to  Patagonia.     Rare  in  the  interior. 
PURPLE  SANDPIPER. 

235.  Arquatella  maritima   maritima.     9  in. 

In  summer  upper  parts  blackish,  margined 
with  buff.  Breast  and  sides  purplish-slate. 
In  winter  similar  but  without  the  buff  edges 
to  the  feathers.  Frequents  bold,  shores. 

Note.— A  loud  shrill  whistle. 

Nest. — A  hollow  on  the  ground.  Eggs 
gray,  handsomely  marked  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds    in    Arctic    regions.     Win- 
ters south  to  Long  Island. 
74 


PECTORAL  SANDPIPER;    GRASS  SNIPE. 

239.     Pisobia  maculata.     9  in. 

Above  mixed  blackish  and  reddish-brown. 
Below  white,  the  breast  being  washed  with 
buff  and  streaked  with  dusky.  Frequents  wet 
meadows  as  well  as  shores  of  ponds. 

Note. — Clear  whistles. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  as  usual. 

Range. — Breeds  on  the  Arctic  coast  west 
of  Hudson  Bay.  Winters  in  South  America. 
Common  during  migration  in  the  interior 
and  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

WHITE-RUMPED  SANDPIPER. 
240.     Pisobia  fuscicollis.     7l/2  in. 

Gray,  black  and  brown  above.  Rump  white. 
Below  white,  with  streaks  on  the  breast. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  in  grass.  Eggs 
gray,  blotched  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coast 
from  Greenland  to  Alaska.  Winters  in  south- 
ern South  America.  Abundant  in  Miss.  Val- 
ley during  migrations.  Less  so  on  the  At- 
lantic coast.  75 


BAIRD   SANDPIPER. 

241.  Pisobia  bairdi.     7*/2  in. 

Grayer  than  the  White-rump ed  Sandpiper 
and  with  blackish  rump  and  less  prominently 
streaked  on  the  breast. 

Nest. — Nesting  and  eggs  not  greatly  differ- 
ent from  those  of  other  sandpipers. 

Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coast 
from  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska.  Migrates  chief- 
ly through  the  interior  and  less  commonly 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  winter  home  in 
Patagonia. 

LEAST   SANDPIPER;    PEEPS. 

242.  Pisobia  minutilla.    6  in. 

Above  mixed  with  black,  gray  and  reddish- 
brown.  Breast  streaked  with  blackish.  Toes 
with  no  webbing  between  their  bases. 

Note. — A  musical  whistle,  peet-weet. 

Nest. — Grass-lined  hollows  on  the  ground. 
Three  or  four  gray  eggs,  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  Canada.  Win- 
ters from  the  Gulf  States  southward.  Abund- 
ant on  both  coasts  and  in  the  interior. 


RED-BACKED   SANDPIPER;    DUNLIN. 

243.  Pelidna  alpina  sakhalina.    8  in. 

In  summer  with  bright  reddish-brown  back 
and  black  patch  on  the  belly.  Head  and 
breast  finely  streaked.  In  winter  gray  and 
white  with  no  conspicuous  marking  or  color. 
Bill  rather  stout. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Three  or  four 
grayish  eggs,  heavily  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  along  our  Arctic  coast. 
Winters  in  the  southern  half  of  U.  S. 

CURLEW  SANDPIPER    (not  figured). 

244.  Erolia  ferniginea.     7*/2  in. 

An  European  species  casually  occurring 
on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Bill  slightly  decurved. 

SEMIPALMATED    SANDPIPER. 
246.     Ereunetes  pusillus.     6l/4   in. 

Toes  with  small  web  between  their  bases. 
Grayer  than  the  Least  Sandpiper  and  with 
fewer  streaks  on  the  breast. 

Range. — Breeds  along  our  Arctic  coast. 
Winters  south  from  our  southern  states. 


SANDERLING;    BEACH    BIRD. 

248.  Calidris  leucophaa.     8  in. 

In  summer  with  the  head,  neck  and  back 
washed  with  rusty;  breast  with  black  specks. 
In  winter  gray  and  white,  one  of  the  whitest 
of  our  sandpipers.  Bill  and  legs  rather  stout. 

Note. — Clear  musical  whistles. 

Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coasts  of 
both  hemispheres.    Winters  southward  from 
Va.,  the  Gulf  States  and  central  Cal. 
MARBLED  GODWIT. 

249.  Limosa  fedoa.     19  in. 

One  of  the  largest  of  the  shore  birds.  In 
summer  mixed  black  and  bright  reddish- 
brown  above  and  heavily  barred  with  black 
below.  In  winter  with  little  or  no  brown  and 
less  barring.  Bill  slender  and  recurved. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  greenish-buff 
heavily  blotched  with  blackish-brown. 

Range. — Breeds  from  N.  Dak.  to  Saskatche- 
wan. Winters  in  southern  states.  Occurs  on 
both  coasts. 

78 


HUDSONIAN    GODWIT;    MARLIN. 

251.    Limosa  hceinastica.     15  in. 

In  summer  blackish  above  with  rusty 
edges  to  the  feather.  Chestnut  below,  barred 
with  black.  In  winter  gray  above  and  whit- 
ish below.  Bill  slender;  slightly  recurved. 

Nest. — A  grass-lined  hollow  on  the  ground. 
Eggs  buff,  blotched  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Keewatin  to  Alaska. 
Winters  in  Patagonia.  Most  abundant  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  in  fall  and  in  the  Miss.  Valley 
in  spring. 

GREATER    or   WINTER  YELLOW-LEGS. 
254.     Totanus  melonoleucus.     14  in. 

Black  and  grayish-brown  above.  White 
below,  with  V-shaped  bars  in  summer  and 
streaks  in  winter.  Long  yellow  legs. 

Note. — Loud  three-syllabled  whistles. 

Nest. — On  the  ground,  the  three  or  four 
eggs  grayish,  heavily  blotched  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  in  northern  Canada.   Win- 
ters south  from  our  southern  states. 
79 


cm. 


YELLOW-LEGS;  SUMMER  YELLOW-LEGS 

255.  Totanus  Uavipes.     \Qy2  in. 

Differs  but  little  from  the  preceding  spe- 
cies except  in  size.  Grayer  and  with  less 
black  in  winter  than  in  summer. 

Note. — Loud,  shrill  whistles. 

Range. — Breeds    in   the   northern    half    of 
Canada.    Winters  in  southern  South  America 
and  casually  in  some  of  our  southern  states. 
Migrates  through  interior  and  on  coasts. 
SOLITARY  SANDPIPER. 

256.  Helodromas  solit.  solitarius.     &/2  in. 
Above  olive-gray  streaked  on  the  head  and 

specked  on  the  back  with  white.   Breast  and 
sides  streaked  with  gray. 

Nest. — Three  or  four  greenish-gray  eggs, 
spotted  with  black,  laid  in  old  nests  of  other 
birds  in  trees  or  bushes  near  water. 

Range. — Breeds    in    northern    U.    S.    and 
southern  Canada.     Local  and  not  abundant 
during   summer.     Occurs   only  about   fresh 
water  ponds  or  streams. 
80 


WILLET. 

258.     Catoptrophorus  s.   semipalmatus.     16  in 

Plumage  gray  and  white,  more  or  less 
streaked  and  barred  with  black  during  sum- 
mer. Bases  of  primaries  and  ends  of  second- 
aries white.  Bill  long.  Feet  with  slight  webs. 

Note. — A  loud  whistle,  pill-iciU-iciUet. 

Nest. — A  hollow  in  sandy  ground.  Eggs 
buff,  blotched  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Va.  to  Fla.   Wanders 
north    to    New    England.     Western    Willet 
breeds  south  from  la.,  and  Cal. 
UPLAND   PLOVER;    BARTRAMIAN    SAND- 
PIPER. 
261.     Bartramia  longicanda.     12  in. 

Bill  short.  Tail  long.  Mottled  with  black 
and  brown  above,  and  specked  with  black 
on  breast  and  sides. 

Note.— Clear  flute-like  whistles. 

Nest.— Of  grass  on  the  ground.  Eggs  buff, 
spotted  with  black. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  throughout  the  U. 
.S.  Winters  in  southern  South  America. 


BUFF-BREASTED  SANDPIPER. 

262.  Tryngites  subruficollis.     8  in. 

Above  black  and  tawny.  Below  buff  with  a 
few  black  specks  on  the  sides  of  the  breast. 
Crown  mottled  with  black  and  buff.  Primar- 
ies with  peculiar  black  and  white  speckling 
on  the  inner  webs.  Bill  short  and  slender. 

Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coast 
west  of  Hudson  Bay.  Winters  in  southern 
South  America,  migration  chiefly  through 
the  interior  of  the  U.  S. 

SPOTTED  SANDPIPER;   TIP-UP. 

263.  Actitis  macularia.     7l/2  in. 
Olive-gray  above  and  white  below,  adults 

in  summer  having  the  breast  and  sides  bold- 
ly spotted  with  blackish.  Almost  constantly 
teeters  its  body  when  standing. 

Note. — A  clear  peet-weet. 

Nest. — Of  grass  on  the  ground.  Eggs  buff, 
with  black  blotches. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada.  Winters  from  the  southern  states 
southward.  82 


LONG-BILLED   CURLEW;    SICKLE-BILL. 

264.  Numenius  aniericanns.     23  in. 

Bill  very  long  and  decurved.  Black  and 
brown  above.  Buff  below  with  a  few  streaks 
on  the  throat  and  breast.  So  easily  decoyed 
and  shot  that  they  are  becoming  scarce. 

Note. — A  flute-like  ker-loo. 

Nest. — Of  grass  on  the  ground.  Three  or 
four  greenish-buff  eggs  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Manitoba  and  Brit- 
ish Columbia  south  to  Texas.  Winters  from 
Fla.,  Tex.  and  Cal.  southward.  Irregular  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  north  to  Me. 

HUDSONIAN  CURLEW. 

265.  Xumenius  hudsonicus.     17  in. 

Crown  solid  blackish-brown  with  a  cen- 
tral line  of  whitish.  Above  brownish-black 
and  buff.  Bill  decurved. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  buff,  with 
blackish  spots. 

Range. — Breeds  on  the  Arctic  coast.  Mi- 
grates along  both  coasts  to  northern  South 
America.  83 


ESKIMO    CURLEW. 

266.     Numenius  borealis.     13  in. 

Bill  short  and  little  decurved.  Crown  mix- 
ed brown  and  white  without  the  two  solid 
lateral  stripes  as  on  the  Hudsonian  Curlew. 

Range. — Breeds  in  northern  Mackenzie. 
Migrates  in  fall  off  the  Atlantic  coast  to 
southern  South  America  and  returns  in 
spring  by  way  of  the  Miss.  Valley  Now 
nearly  extinct. 

Family  CHARADRIID^]. 

BLACK-BILLED   PLOVER;    BEETLE-HEAD 
270.     Squatarola  squatarola.     11.5  in. 

In  summer  black  and  white  as  shown  by 
the  lower  bird.  Young  birds  without  black 
underneath  and  spotted  with  yellowish- 
white  on  the  back.  Feathers  under  the  wing 
black.  A  tiny  hind  toe. 

Note. — A  plaintive  whistle  ter-lee. 

Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coasts  of 
both  hemispheres.    Migrates  throughout  the 
U.  S.  and  winters  south  from  N.  Car.  and  La. 
84 


GOLDEN   PLOVER. 

272.  Charadrius  domin.   dominicus.     \Ql/2  in. 
In  summer  back  spotted  with  yellow  and 

under  parts  wholly  black.  In  winter  much 
duller  above  and  grayish-white  below.  Bill 
smaller  than  that  of  the  preceding  species. 
Feathers  under  the  wing  gray.  No  hind  toe. 
Range. — Breeds  along  the  Arctic  coast. 
Winters  in  Patagonia  migrating  south  across 
the  Atlantic  from  Nova  Scotia  and  north 
through  the  Miss.  Valley.  Not  as  abundant 
as  formerly. 

KILLDEER. 

273.  Oxyechus  vociferus.     10  in. 

Rump  and  base  of  tail  reddish-brown.  Back 
brownish-black.  Breast  crossed  by  two  black 
bands. 

Note. — Loud,  harsh,  kill-dee. 

Nest. — Four  greenish-buff,  heavily  blotch- 
ed eggs  laid  in  hollows  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
southern  Canada;  locally  in  New  England. 
Winters  in  the  southern  half  of  the  U.  S. 


SEMIPALMATED    PLOVER;    RING-NECK. 

274.    Aegialitis  semipalmata.     7   in. 

Feet  with  three  toes  with  small  webs  be- 
tween their  bases.  Plumage  buack  and 
gray  as  shown  by  the  upper  bird. 

Note. — A  clear  piping  whistle. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Three  or  four  buff 
eggs  with  a  few  specks  of  blackish. 

Range. — Breeds  from  northern  Canada  and 
Alaska  south  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

PIPING    PLOyER. 
277.    Aegialitis  meloda.     7  in. 

Very  pale  ashy-gray,  white  and  black  as 
shown  by  the  lower  bird.  Legs  and  base  of 
bill  orange. 

Note. — A  clear  melodious  double  whistle. 

Nest. — Four  buff  eggs,  with  a  few  black 
specks,  laid  in  hollows  on  the  sand. 

Range. — Breeds  locally  from  Nova  Scotia, 
Ontario  and  Saskatchewan  south  to  Va.  and 
Ind.  Winters  on  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts. 

86 


SNOWY  PLOVER. 

278.    Aegialitis  nivosa.     6l/2  in. 

Very  pale  ashy-gray,  white  and  black  as 
shown  by  the  upper  bird.  Bill  more  slender 
than  that  of  the  Piping  Plover  and  wholly 
black.  Very  active  and  fleet  of  foot. 

Note. — Plaintive,  piping  whistles. 

Nest. — A  hollow  in  the  sand.  Four  clay- 
colored  eggs  with  a  few  black  specks. 

Range. — Western  U.  S.,  breeding  east  to 
Kans.  and  southern  Tex.  Casual  in  Fla.  and 
La. 

WILSON  PLOVER. 

280.     Octhodromus  wilsonius.     7.5  in. 

Bill  large  compared  to  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, and  entirely  black.  Brownish-gray  and 
white,  with  a  broad  band  of  black  across 
the  breast  and  a  patch  on  the  crown. 

Note. — A  rapid  chirping. 

Nest. — On  the  sand.  Eggs  grayish,  speck- 
ed and  scratched  with  black. 

Range. — South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 


MOUNTAIN    PLOVER. 

281.    Podasocys  montanus.     9  in. 

Grayish-brown  and  buffy  white  with  black 
band  on  crown  but  none  on  breast  or  sides. 
Frequents  prairies  not  necessarily  in  the 
vicinity  of  water. 

Note. — Low  musical  whistles. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  brownish- 
gray,  blotched  with  blackish. 

Range. — Breeds    from    Nebr.    and    Mont, 
south  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.  Accidental  in  Fla. 
Family  APHRIZID^E3. 
RUDDY  TURNSTONE. 
283a.    Arenaria  interpres  morinella.    9l/2  in. 

Adults  with  the  back  and  wings  yellowish- 
brown  mixed  with  black.  Otherwise  black 
and  white  as  shown.  Young  with  no  bright 
rufous  and  little  black.  Legs  bright  orange. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  gray,  beauti- 
fully marbled  with  lilac  and  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  on  the  Arctic  coast.    Win- 
ters from  Va.,  La.  and  Cal.  southward. 
88 


Family  H^EMATOPODID^E. 
OYSTER-CATCHER. 

286.     Hcrntatopus  palliatus.     19  in. 

Bill  long,  heavy  and  compressed.  Bill  and 
legs  bright  red.  Plumage  blackish  and  white 
as  shown  by  the  upper  bird. 

Nest. — A  depression  in  the  sand.  Two  or 
three  buff  eggs,  spotted  with  blackish. 

Range. — From  Va.  to  Fla.  and  along  the 
Gulf  coast  to  Tex.   Winters  in  South  Amer- 
ica.   Casually  north  to  New  Brunswick. 
Family  JACANID^J. 
MEXICAN  JACANA. 
288.    Jacana  spinosa.    8  in. 

Bill  and  leaf-like  scaly  shield  at  its  base, 
yellow.  Wings  with  a  spur  at  the  joint. 
Legs  long,  toes  long  and  nails  very  long. 
Black  and  chestnut  with  yellowish  on  wings. 

Nest. — Of  weeds  on  floating  refuse  or  lily 
pads.  Eggs  olive,  with  black  tracings. 

Range. — Rio  Grande  Valley,  southern  Tex. 
and  southern  Fla.  southward. 
89 


cs, 


Order  GALLING. 

Family  ODONTOPHORID^E. 

BOB-WHITE;    QUAIL. 

289.     Colinus  virg.  virginianus.     10  in. 

Mottled  with  brown  and  buff  and  barred 
and  streaked  with  black.  Male  with  white 
throat  and  line  over  the  eye.  Female  with 
these  areas  buff. 

Note. — A  clearly  whistled  bob-white. 

Nest. — Of  grass  in  tall  grass  or  weeds. 
Eggs  white. 

Range. — Resident  from  southern  Me.,  On- 
tario and  Minn,  southward.  Florida  Bob- 
white,  which  is  much  darker,  occurs  in  Fla. 
and  southern  Ga. 

SCALED  QUAIL. 
293.     Callipepla  squamata  squamata.     10  in. 

Blue-gray  and  whitish ;  feathers  with  dusky 
edges  giving  a  scaly  effect.  A  buff  crest. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  white  finely 
specked  with  reddish-brown. 

Range. — Westward  from  central  Tex. 
90 


GAMBEL   QUAIL. 

295.  Lophortyx  gambeli.     10  in. 
Blue-gray,  with  chestnut  crown  and  flanks, 

black  throat,  face,  forehead  and  crest  of  re- 
curved feathers.  Female  duller  colored  and 
with  no  black  on  the  head. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eight  or  ten  whitish 
eggs  with  reddish-brown  spots. 

Range. — Southwestern  states  east  to  cen- 
tral Texas. 

MEARN   QUAIL;    MASSENA   QUAIL. 

296.  Cyrtonyx  mont.  montezumce.     9  in. 
Male  most  oddly  marked  with  black,  white 

and  gray.  Flat  buffy  crest.  Female  brown 
and  buff,  with  white  spots  on  the  sides  and 
black  bars  on  the  back. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.    Eggs  pure  white. 

Range. — Arid  Upper  Sonoran  and  Transi- 
tion zones  from  central  Ariz  and  N.  Mex. 
east  to  central  Tex.  and  south  to  middle 
Mexico. 

91 


Family  TETRAONID^E. 
DUSKY    GROUSE. 

297.    Dendragapus  obscurus  obscurus.     20  in. 

Plumage  blue-gray  marked  with  black  and 
white  as  shown  by  the  upper  picture.  Tail 
blackish  with  a  terminal  band  of  gray.  Legs 
feathered  to  the  toes,  which  is  a  character- 
istic of  grouse. 

Nest. — Of  leaves  on  the  ground.  Six  to 
twelve  buff  eggs,  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  from  Col.  south 
to  central  N.  Mex. 

CANADA  SPRUCE   PARTRIDGE. 
298c.     Canachites  canadensis  canace.     15  in. 

Male  gray,  black  and  white  as  shown  by 
the  lower  bird.  Female  brown  and  white, 
barred  with  black. 

Note. — A  drumming  by  the  male  and  cluck- 
ing by  the  female. 

Range. — Northern    New    England,    N.    Y., 
Wise,  and  Minn,  and  southern  Canada.  Hud- 
sonian  Spruce  Partridge  found  farther  north. 
92 


RUFFED  GROUSE. 

300.  Bonasa  umbellus  umbellus.     17  in. 
Plumage  gray,  black  and  white  or  reddish- 
brown,  black  and  white.     Tail  with  a  sub- 
terminal  band  of  black  and  terminal  one  of 
white.     Handsome  juffs   from  each  side   of 
the  neck. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  among  leaves.  Eggs 
"buffy,  without  markings. 

Range. — Resident  from  Mass,  and  N.  Y. 
southward.  Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse  from 
northern  U.  S.  northward. 

WILLOW  PTARMIGAN. 

301.  Lagopus  lagopus  lagopus.     15  in. 

In  winter  pure  white  except  black  tail 
feathers.  In  summer  largely  reddish-brown, 
barred  with  black  and  mixed  with  white. 

Eggs. — Buff,  very  heavily  blotched. 

Range. — Arctic  regions  south  in  winter  to 
Quebec  and  Minn,  and  casually  Mass,  and 
X.  Y.  Allen  Ptarmigan  occurs  in  Newfound- 
land. 


ROCK    PTARMIGAN. 

302.    La  go  pus  rupcstris  rupestris.     14  in. 

In  winter,  white  with  black  tail  and  black 
spot  in  front  of  the  eyes.  In  summer  brown- 
ish-gray and  white,  barred  with  black. 

Range. — From  southern  Ungava  and  Mack- 
enzie northward.  Welch  Ptarmigan  (L. 
welcU)  found  in  Newfoundland  is  still  grayer 
in  summer.  White-tailed  Ptarmigan  (L.  leu- 
curus)  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  pure 
white  including  the  tail. 

PRAIRIE   SHARP-TAILED   GROUSE. 
308b.    Pedioecetes  phasianellus  campestris. 

Grayish-brown  and  buff,  marked  with  black 
and  white  as  shown.  Middle  tail  feathers 
lengthened. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  brownish, 
finely  specked  all  over  with  dark  brown. 

Range. — Manitoba  south  to  Kans.  and 
northern  111.  Sharp-tailed  Grouse,  slightly 
larger,  occur  from  Ungava  west  to  British 
Columbia. 

94 


PRAIRIE  CHICKEN;   PINNATED  GROUSE. 

305.  Tympanuchus  am.  americanus.     18  in. 
Brownish  above,  buffy  white  below,  evenly 

barred  with  black.  Tufts  of  long,  square- 
ended  black  feathers  on  either  side  of  the 
neck.  Female  similar  but  with  shorter  neck 
tufts. 

Note. — A  resonant  booming  by  the  male. 

Nest. — A  hollow  on  the  ground.  Eggs 
olive-buff,  finely  specked  with  brown. 

Range. — Manitoba  south  to  Tex.  and  east 
to  Ind.    Rare  in  much  of  its  range. 
HEATH  HEN. 

306.  Tympanuchus  cupido.     17  in. 

Very  similar  to  the  Prairie  Chicken  but 
with  the  neck  tufts  acutely  pointed  and  the 
crown  browner. 

Range. — Island  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass. 
LESSER  PRAIRIE  CHICKEN  (not  figured). 

307.  Tympanuchus  pallidicinctus.     16  in. 
Bars  above  paler  and  narrower  and  with 

black  edges.  Occurs  on  Great  Plains  from 
Kans.  south  to  Tex.  95 


SAGE   HEN. 

309.     Cenirocercus  urophasianus.     29  in. 

Pale  brownish  above  and  buffy  below 
marked  with  black  as  shown.  Tail  feathers 
stiff,  pointed  and  graduated.  Male  with  stiff 
wiry  neck  bristles  during  summer.  Female 
smaller  and  less  conspicuously  marked. 

Eggs. — Greenish-buff  with  few  brown  spots. 

Range. — Sagebrush  plains  from  Saskatche- 
wan and  British  Columbia  south  to  Dak. 
Family  MELEAGRID^E. 

WILD  TURKEY. 
310a.    Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris.     48  in. 

Head  and  neck  bare,  redaish  with  light 
blue  wattles.  Plumage  greenish,  with  a 
bronze  lustre.  Tail  brownish  crossed  by 
narrow  wavy  black  bands. 

Note. — A  gobbling. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.  Eggs  buff,  spotted 
with  brown. 

Range. — From  Pa.  and  Kans.  south  to  the 
Gulf  coast.  Formerly  north  to  Me.  and  Minn. 
96 


RING-NECKED    PHEASANT. 

***.    Phasianus  torquatus.     36  in. 

Male  with  green  head,  bare  red  face,  white 
ring  about  neck  and  body  plumage  of  brown, 
rich  buff,  greenish-gray  and  black.  Tail  very 
long.  Female  brownish-buff,  spotted  with 
black. 

Nest. — On  the  ground.     Eggs  drab  color. 

Range. — Introduced     and     flourishing     in 
many    eastern   states,   particularly   in    New 
England.    Also  abundant  in  Wash,  and  Ore. 
Family  CRACID^E. 

CHACHALACA. 
311.     Ortalis  veiula  mccalli.     21  in. 

Bare  chin  and  sides  of  head  orange.  Head 
slightly  crested.  Tail  long  and  very  broad. 
Above  olive-brown,  below  gray  and  buff. 

Note. — Loud,  clacking  cha-cha-lac, 

Nset. — Frail,  of  sticks  in  bushes.  Four  or 
white  eggs  with  rough  surface. 

Range. — Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  south- 
ern Tex.,  south  through  Mexico. 
97 


Order  COLUMBJE.     Family   COLUMBIM3. 
PASSENGER  PIGEON;  WILD  PIGEON. 

31o.    nctopistes  migratorius.     16  in. 

Above  bluish-slate.  Below  rusty-brown. 
Tail  long  and  graduated,  the  outer  feath- 
ers largely  white.  Iridescent  on  sides  of 
neck.  No  black  on  head.  Female  browner 
above  and  paler  below. 

Nest. — A  few  sticks.and  twigs  high  in  trees. 
One  or  two  pure  white  eggs. 

Range. — Formerly  bred  in  northern  half  of 
eastern  U.  S.  and  southern  Canada.  Now 
nearly  if  not  quite  extirpated. 

MOURNING  DOVE. 
316.    Zenaidura   macroura  macroura.     12  in. 

Olive-brown  above  and  huffy-gray  below. 
Sides  of  neck  iridescent.  Black  spot  always 
on  the  sides  of  the  head.  Long  tail  with 
white  tips  to  outer  feathers. 

Nest. — Frail,  of  twigs  and  weeds.  In  bushes, 
trees  or  on  the  ground.  Two  white  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  U.  S.  and 
southern  Canada.  98 


WHITE-WINGED   DOVE. 

319.  Melopelia  asiatica.     12  in. 
Olive-brown   above,    pinkish-brown .  below. 

Tail  short,  square-ended,  black,  with  gray 
terminal  band.  White  on  wing  and  b&cfc 
spot  on  sides  of  head. 

Note.— Cooing  and  crowing  sounds. 

Nest. — In  bushes  or  on  the  ground. 

Range.— Southern  Fla.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.  and 
Ariz,  southward. 

GROUND    DOVE. 

320.  Chamepelia  pass,  terrestris.     6^.  in. 
Tail  short  and  square-ended.    Above  gray- 
ish-brown    Forehead  and  under  parts  pink- 
ish-brown.    Feathers    on   back   with   black 
centers. 

Note. — A  mournful  cooing. 

Nest. — Of    twigs    and    pine    needles.      In 
bushes  or  thickets.    Two  white  eggs. 

Range.— South  Atlantic   and   Gulf   States. 
Mexico    Ground    Dove   occurs   from   middle 
Tex.  and  Ariz,  southward. 
99 


Order  RAPTORBS.    Family  CATHARTID^E. 
•  ^TURKEY  VULTURE;   BUZZARD. 

3251.  ^Cathartes  aura  septentrionalis.     30  in. 

Head1  "naked  and  bright  red.  Plumage 
blasltiGh-tu'own  with  lighter  edges  to  feath- 
ers  on  the  back  and  wings.  Valuable  scav- 
angers. 

Note. — A  croak.     Generally  silent. 

Nest. — In  hollow  trees  or  on  the  ground. 
Two  white  eggs  with  brown  blotches. 

Range.— Southern  N.  Y.,  Ontario,  Minn, 
and  British  Columbia  southward.  Casual 
north  to  New  Brunswick. 

BLACK  VULTURE. 
326.     Catharista  urubu.     24  in. 

Naked  head  black;  tip  of  bill  yellowish. 
Entire  plumage  black  except  the  under  wing 
coverts  which  are  white.  Shorter  winged 
and  heavier  than  the  preceding  species. 

Nest. — Two  white  eggs,  handsomely  blotch- 
ed with  brown.  Laid  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Southern  Va.,  111.  and  western 
Tex.  southward.  Casual  north  to  Me.  and 
Ohio.  100 


Family  BUTEONID^E. 
SWALLOW-TAILED   KITE.  5    •  TV 

327.  Elanoides  forficatus.    24  in. 

Tail  long  and  deeply  forked.  Hea^  i*nd 
under  parts  pure  white.  Back,  Ving8'fl$nd 
tail  glossy  greenish-blue.  Feet  small. 

Note. — A  shrilly  whistled  peet-peet. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  moss  in  the  tops  of 
tall  trees.  Three  or  four  white  eggs, 
blotched  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  south  from  S.  Car.,  south- 
ern Ind.  and  Minn.  Casual  north  to  New 
England. 

WHITE-TAILED   KITE. 

328.  Elanns  leucurus.     16  in. 

Head,  under  parts  and  tail  white.  Back 
and  wings  light  gray,  shoulders  black. 

Nest. — Of  sticks,  weeds  and  leaves  in  tall 
trees.  Eggs  creamy,  profusely  blotched  with 
brown. 

Range. — Breeds  southward  from  S.  Car. 
and  Fla.  and  from  Tex.  and  Cal.  Casual 
north  to  111.  and  Ind.  101 


MISSISSIPPI    KITE. 

329.  'Ictinia  mississippiensis.     14  in. 

Plead  and  under  parts  gray.  Back,  wings 
a?id- tail 'brownish-black.  Black  spot  in  front 
o?,tbre  eye. 

Note. — Shrill  whistles  or  screams. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  weeds  high  in  trees. 
Eggs  bluish-white,  usually  unmarked  but  oc- 
casionally with  a  few  brownish  specks. 

Range. — Breeds  southward  from  S.  Car., 
southern  Ind.  and  Kans.  Winters  in  Fla. 
and  Tex.  and  southward. 

EVERGLADE    KITE. 

330.  Rostrhamus  sociabilis.     15  in. 

Head  and  under  parts  blackish.  Back  and 
wings  slate  color.  Base  of  tail  white.  Bill 
long,  slender,  very  hooked  but  not  notched. 
Lives  chiefly  upon  a  certain  species  of  snail. 

Nest. — Of  twigs,  leaves,  weeds  and  rushes 
in  bushes  over  water.  Eggs  pale  greenish- 
white,  blotched  with  brown. 

Range. — Southern  Fla.  southward. 
102 


MARSH  HAWK. 

331.  Circus  hudsonius.     19  in. 

Light  blue-gray  above.  White  below  bar- 
red and  streaked  with  reddish-brown.  Rump 
white.  Female  and  young,  dark  brown  above 
and  buffy-brown  below,  streaked  on  the 
breast  and  sides  with  brown. 

Nest. — Of  grasses  on  the  ground  in  mead- 
ows or  marshes.  Eggs  plain  bluish-white. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
most  of  Canada  and  Alaska. 

SHARP-SHINNED   HAWK. 

332.  Accipiter  "celox.     12  in. 

Slaty-gray  above.  Whitish  below,  with 
bars  of  reddish-brown.  Tail  crossed  by  black 
bars.  Young  birds  are  brownish  above  and 
white  below,  streaked  with  brown.  Tail 
square-ended. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  trees;  usually  not  high. 
Eggs  white,  profusely  blotched  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.,  Can- 
ada and  most  of  Alaska.  Winters  in  most 
of  the  U.  S.  103 


COOPER    HAWK. 

333.  Accipiter  cooperi.     16  in. 

Slaty-gray  above  shading  to  black  on  the 
crown.  Below  white,  with  brown  bars.  Tail 
rounded  at  the  end.  Young  birds  brown 
above  and  white,  streaked  with  brown  below. 

Note.— Shrill  whistles. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  trees.  Often  uses  crow 
nests.  Eggs  bluish-white,  usually  unmarked. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
southern  Canada.  Winters  in  southern  U.  S. 
GOSHAWK. 

334.  Astur  atricapillus  atricapillus.     23  in. 
Slaty-gray  above.     Under   parts  and   line 

over  eye  white,  barred  with  gray.  Young 
brown  above  and  white,  streaked  with  brown 
below.  Tail  long  and  banded  with  blackish. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  tall  trees.   Eggs  white. 

Range. — 'Breeds  throughout  Canada  and 
south  to  N.  T.  and  Mich,  and  in  mountains  to 
Pa.  Winters  throughout  the  northern  half 
of  U.  S. 

104 


HARRIS   HAWK. 

335.    Parabuteo  unicinctus  harrisi.     20  in. 

Blackish-brown  all  over,  except  the  red- 
dish-brown shoulders  and  thighs.  Face  bare 
and  orange.  Sluggish  and  buzzard-like  in 
habits. 

Range. — La.  and  Tex.  to  Cal.  and  south- 
ward. 

RED-TAILED  HAWK. 
337.    Buteo  borealis  borealis.     21  in. 

Above  blackish-brown.  Below  white  or 
buffy,  streaked  on  sides  and  belly  with  black- 
ish. Tail  bright  reddish-brown  with  (male) 
a  narrow  subterminal  black  band.  Young  with 
brownish-gray  tail  crossed  by  black  bands. 

Note. — Shrill  whistles  or  screams. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  high  trees.  Eggs 
white,  blotched  with  brown  and  black. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  eastern  U.  S. 
and  southern  Canada.  Krider  Red-tail  occurs 
in  the  Great  Plains  region  and  Harlan  Red- 
tail  in  the  Gulf  States. 
105 


RED-SHOULDERED  HAWK. 

339.    Buteo  lineatus  lineatus.     19  in. 

Brown  above.  Below  buff,  barred  with 
reddish-brown.  Wings  and  tail  blackish, 
barred  with  white.  Young  brown  above  and 
whitish  below,  streaked  with  blackish. 
Shoulders  more  or  less  bright  reddish-brown. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  and  weeds.  Three  or 
four  white  eggs,  blotched  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  eastern  U.  S. 
and  southern  Canada.  Florida  Red-should- 
ered Hawk  occurs  in  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States. 

SWAINSON    HAWK. 
342.    Buteo  swainsoni.    20  in. 

Very  variable  in  plumage.  Sometimes 
wholly  blackish-brown.  Again  brown  above 
and  buffy  below  with  reddish-brown  band 
across  the  breast.  Young  streaked  with 
brown  below. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  trees  or  on  the  ground. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Manitoba  and  British 
Columbia  southward.      106 


BROAD-WINGED  HAWK. 

343.    Buteo  platypterus.     16  in. 

Blackish-brown  above.  White  below, 
barred  with  white.  Young  birds  streaked  be- 
low with  blackish-brown. 

Note.— A  shrill,  wailing  whistle. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  lined  with  bark.  Eggs 
white,  blotched  with  gray  and  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  from  New  Brunswick,  On- 
tario and  Manitoba  south  to  the  Gulf.  Win- 
ters in  southern  U.  S. 

ROUGH-LEGGED   HAWK. 

347 a.    Archibuteo  lagopus  s.-johannis.    22  in. 

Legs  feathered  to  the  toes.  Back  black- 
ish. Head  and  breast  white,  streaked  with 
black.  Belly  black. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  on  ledges  or  in  trees. 
Eggs  white,  splashed  with  brown 

Range. — Breeds    throughout    Canada    and 
Alaska.    Winters  locally  throughout  U.  S. 
107 


FERRUGINEOUS    ROUGH-LEG. 

348.  Archlbuteo  ferrugineus.    23  in. 

Head,  tail  and  under  parts  white,  the  form- 
er streaked  with  black.  Wings  and  back 
with  much  reddish-brown.  Sides  and  thighs 
barred  with  black. 

Nest. — On  the  ground,  on  ledges  or  in 
trees.  Eggs  white,  splashed  with  brown  . 

Range. — 'Western    North    America,    breed- 
ing east  to  Manitoba,  Minn,  and  Kans. 
GOLDEN  EAGLE. 

349.  Aquila  chrysatos.     35  in. 

Plumage  dark  brown,  the  feathers  on  nape 
and  base  of  tail  lightening  and  turning  yel- 
lowish as  the  bird  grows  older.  Feathered 
to  the  toes. 

Note. — A  shrill  scream. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  on  cliffs,  bluffs,  or  in 
trees.  Eggs  whitish,  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  in  southern  Canada  and 
northern  U.  S.  Less  common  east  of  the 
Mississippi.  South  in  mountains  to  N.  Car. 
and  Mexico.  108 


Family  FALCONHX®. 
WHITE   GYRFALCON. 

353.    Falco  islandus.    23  in. 

^  ure  white,  more  or  less  marked  with 
blackish  spots  and  bars.  Legs  feathered  al- 
most to  the  toes. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  on  ledges  of  cliffs.  Eggs 
cream-colored,  very  heavily  sprinkled  with 
reddish-brown  dots  and  blotched. 

Range. — Arctic  regions.  Resident  in 
Greenland. 

BALD   EAGLE. 
352.    Halueetiu  1.  leucocephalus.     34  in. 

Adults  blackish-brown,  with  white  head 
and  tail.  Young  birds  blackish-brown  all 
over  Legs  not  wholly  feathered,  this  dis- 
tinguishing young  birds  of  this  and  the 
preceding  species. 

Nest. — Of  sticks,  large  and  bulky;  in  trees 
or  on  ledges  along  the  sea  shore.  Eggs  white. 

Range. — Local  throughout  the  U.  S., 
more  rare  inland.  Northern  Bald  Eagle  oc- 
curs throughout  Canada  and  Alaska. 


109 


GRAY  GYRFALCON. 

354.  Falco  rusticolus  rusticolus.     23  in. 
Head  and  under  parts  white  heavily  barred 

and  streaked  with  dusky.    Upper  parts  gray 
with  some  dusky  bars  and  whitish  spots. 

Nest. — On  cliffs.  Eggs  cream-colored,  dot- 
ted and  spotted  all  over  with  reddish-brown. 

Range. — Arctic  America.  In  winter  south 
rarely  to  northern  border  of  the  U.  S.  Gyr- 
falcon,  which  is  darker  than  the  preceding, 
also  casually  comes  south  to  Minn,  and  Me. 
Black  Gyrfalcon,  which  is  very  much  darker, 
breeds  in  Ungava  and  casually  occurs  in  Me. 
in  winter. 

PRAIRIE   FALCON. 

355.  Falco  mexicanus.     18  in. 

Brownish  above.  Streaked  and  barred  with 
dusky  below.  Blackish  patch  on  sides  of 
throat. 

Nest. — On  ledges  or  in  trees. 

Range. — From  the  Great  Plains  region  to 
the  Pacific  coast;  north  to  British  Columbia. 
110 


DUCK   HAWK. 

356.  Falco  peregrinus  anatum.     17  in. 
Slaty  gray  above.    Buffy-white  below,  more 

or  less  barred  and  streaked  with  black. 
Black  patches,  or  moustaches,  on  sides  of 
head. 

Nest. — Three  or  four  creamy  eggs,  pro- 
fusely sprinkled  and  blotched  with  reddish- 
brown,  laid  on  bare  ledges. 

Range.— Breeds  locally  in  northern  U.  S. 
and  throughout  Canada;  in  mountains  to  S. 
Car.,  Tex.  and  Lower  Cal. 

PIGEON    HAWK. 

357.  Falco  columbarius  columbarius.     12  in. 
Adults  slaty  above.  Whitish  or  buff,  streak- 
ed and  barred  below.     Young  brown  above 
and  streaked  below.     Tail  with  dusky  bars. 

Nest. — Of  small  sticks  in  trees.  Eggs  light- 
buff,  heavily  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  from  northern  boundary 
of  U.  S.  northward.  Winters  throughout  the 
U.  S.  The  paler  Richardson  Pigeon  Hawk 
occurs  in  the  Great  Plains  region  of  Canada 


SPARROW    HAWK. 

360.    Falco  s parvenus  s parvenus.     10^  in. 

Crown   and    wings   blue-gray.     Back    and 
tail  bright  reddish-brown.    Below  white  and 
buff.    Marked  with  black  as  shown,  the  male 
being  the  left  hand  bird. 
.  .Note.— A  shrill  killy,  Ully,  Ully. 

Nest. — In  hollow  trees.  Eggs  cream-color, 
finely  dotted  and  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  eastern  U.  S. 
and  southern  Canada.  Winters  in  the  south- 
ern half  of  the  U.  S.  Little  Sparrow  Hawk, 
smaller  and  brighter  colored,  occurs  in  Fla. 

AUDUBON   CARCARA. 
362.    Polyborus  cheriway.    22  in. 

Crown,  belly,  back  and  wings  blackish- 
brown.  Rest  of  plumage  buffy  white,  barred 
with  dusky  as  shown.  Bare  face  yellow. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  low  trees.  Eggs 
creamy,  dotted  and  spotted  with  brown. 

Range. — Southern  Tex.  and  southern  Fla. 
southward. 

112 


Family  PANDIONID^B. 
OSPREY;    FISH    HAWK. 

364.  Pandion  hali&tus  carolinensis.    23  in. 
Back,  wings  and  tail  blackish-brown.  Head 

and  under  parts  white.  Black  patch  on 
sides  of  head.  Legs  and  feet  blue-gray,  very 
rough.  Talons  strongly  curved.  Food  whol- 
ly fish. 

Note. — Piercing  whistles. 

Nest. — Bulky,  of  sticks,  in  trees  or  on 
ground.  Eggs  creamy,  with  brown  blotches. 

Range. — Breeds  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada.  Local  in  interior. 

Family  ALUCONID^]. 

365.  Aluco  pratincola.     18  in. 
Yellowish-brown     above,     finely     mottled. 

White  and  buff  below,  with  few  black  spots. 
Legs  long  and  scantily  feathered. 

Nest. — In  hollow  trees,  in  caves  or  in 
buildings.  Four  to  six  white  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  in  the  lower  half  of  the 
U.  S.  and  casually  north  to  Mass.,  Ontario, 
Minn,  and  Ore.  113 


Family  STRIGID^E. 
LONG-EARED  OWL. 

366.  Asio  wilsonianus.     15  in. 

Mottled  with  black,  brown  and  buff  above. 
Streaked  and  barred  below  with  dusky.  Face 
largely  reddish-brown.  Long  ear  tufts. 

Note. — A  soft-toned  wo-hunk,  wo-hunk. 

Nest. — Usually  old  crow  nests.  Eggs  white, 
four  to  seven  in  number. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Newfoundland,  Que- 
bec, Keewatin  and  British  Columbia  south  to 
Va.,  northern  Tex.  and  southern  Cal. 
SHORT-EARED  OWL. 

367.  Asio  flammeus.     \Sl/2  in. 

General  tone  of  plumage  yellowish-brown, 
mottled  above  and  streaked  below.  Ear 
tufts  very  small.  Wing  and  tail  feathers 
strongly  barred  with  buff  and  dusky. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  in  marshy  places. 
Four  to  eight  pure  white  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds    north    from    Mass.,    Ind., 
Col.  and  Cal.  Winters  throughout  the  U.  S. 
114 


GREAT  GRAY  OWL. 

370.     Scotiaptex  nebulosa  nebulosa.     27  in. 

Eyes  yellow.  Facial  disc  very  large.  Plum- 
age mottled,  barred  and  streaked  grayish- 
brown  and  whitish.  Tail  unusually  long. 

Nest. — Of  sticks  in  trees.    Eggs  white. 

Range. — Breeds  from  Keewatin  northwest 
to  Mackenzie  and  Alaska.  Winters  south 
casually  to  New  England,  N.  J.,  Minn,  and 
Cal. 

BARRED  OWL. 
368.     Strix  varia  varia.    20  in. 

Eyes  dark  brown.  Plumage  mottled,  bar- 
red and  streaked  with  grayish-brown  and 
white.  No  ear  tufts. 

Note. — Mournful,  dismal  hootings. 

N  est. — In  hollow  trees  or  in  old  crow  nests. 
Four  or  five  pure  white  eggs. 

Range. — Eastern    North    America.     From 
Newfoundland   and   Keewatin   south  to   the 
Gulf  States.     Florida  Barred  Owl  occurs  in 
the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 
115 


RICHARDSON   OWL. 

371.  Cryptoglaux  funerea  richardsoni.    10  in. 
Grayish-brown  above,  white  below  streak- 
ed and  barred  with  brown.     Wings  spotted 
with  white.    No  ear  tufts. 

Nest. — Usually  in  holes  in  trees,  but  some- 
times they  make  nests  of  sticks  in  trees. 
Four  or  five  pure  white  eggs. 

Range. — Breeds  in  northern  Canada  and 
Alaska.  Winters  south  to  the  northern 
border  of  the  U.  S. 

SAW-WHET   OWL;    ACADIAN   OWL. 

372.  Cryptoglaux  acadica  acadica.     8  in. 
Smallest  of  eastern  owls.     No  ear  tufts. 

Brownish  above.  White,  streaked  with  brown 
below.  A  few  whitish  spots  on  wings  and 
back. 

Note. — A  clear  trill. 

Nest. — In  holes  in  trees.    Eggs  white. 

Range. — Breeds     from     southern     Canada 
south  locally  and  in  mountains  to  Md.,  Ind. 
and  Ariz.    Winters  south  to  the  Gulf  coast. 
116 


SCREECH   OWL. 

373.    Otus  asio  asio.    9l/2  in. 

Two  color  phases,  one  with  gray  upper 
parts  and  the  other  with  the  upper  parts 
bright  reddish-brown.  Both  streaked  and 
barred  with  black  as  shown.  Prominent  ear 
tufts. 

Note. — A  wavering  trill. 

Nest. — In  cavities.    Eggs  pure  white. 

Range. — Eastern  North  America.  From 
New  Brunswick,  Ontario  and  Minn,  south- 
ward. Florida  Screech  Owl  occurs  in  the 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 

GREAT  HORNED  OWL. 
375.    Bubo  virginianus  virginianus.     23  in. 

Large  ear  tufts.  Plumage  mottled  and 
barred  with  brown,  gray  and  black.  Very 
strong  and  powerfully  built. 

Note. — Dismal  hooting;   a  harsh  scream. 

Nest. — in  hollow  trees  or  in  old  hawk  or 
crow  nests.  Eggs  white. 

Range. — Throughout    eastern    U.    S.    and 
southern  Canada.  117 


HAWK  OWL. 

377 a.    Surnia  ulula  caparoch.     15  in. 

Grayish-brown  above,  spotted  and  barred 
with  white.  Below  whitish,  barred  with 
dusky.  No  ear  tufts.  Tail  long  and  round- 
ed. More  diurnal  in  habits  than  other  owls. 

Nest. — In  cavities,  or  of  sticks  in  trees. 

Range. — Breeds  northward  from  Ungava, 
Alberta  and  British  Columbia.  Winters  south 
casually  to  Me.,  N.  Y.,  Nebr.  and  Wash. 

SNOWY  OWL. 
376.     Nyctea  nyctea.     25  in. 

Heavier  and  stronger  than  the  Horned  Owl. 
Plumage  pure  white,  more  or  less  spotted 
or  barred  with  black  Some  specimens  un- 
marked. Females  always  heavily  barred. 

Nest. — On  the  ground  near  or  in  dry  por- 
tions of  marshes.  Eggs  white. 

Range. — Breeds  on  barren  grounds  in  Arc- 
tic regions.  South  in  winter  casually  to 
northern  U.  S.  and  sometimes  to  N.  Car.  and 
La.  Feeds  upon  fish  as  well  as  upon  rodents 
and  game  birds.  118 


BURROWING  OWL. 

378.     Speotyto  cunicularia  hypogaa.     10  in. 

Grayish-brown  above,  spotted  and  barred 
with  white.  Below  white,  barred  with  dusky. 
Legs  long  and  scantily  covered  with  hair- 
like  feathers. 

Nest. — In  burrows  in  the  ground.  Six  to 
ten  eggs  in  an  enlarged  chamber  at  the  end. 

Range. — Western  North  America  from 
Manitoba,  Kans.  and  Tex.  to  the  Pacific  coast. 
Florida  Burrowing  Owl  occurs  in  southern 
Fla. 


119 


INDEX 


Anhinga   31 

Auk,   Great    11 

Razor-billed  10 

Avocet    71 

Bittern    57 

Cory  Least   58 

Least 57 

Bob-White    90 

Booby    30 

Blue-faced    29 

Brant   52 

Caracara,  Audubon 112 

Chachalaca    97 

Coot 69 

Cormorant 31 

Double-crested    32 

Mexican    .  32 


Crane,  Little  Brown 64 

Sandhill  64 

Whooping 63 

Curlew,  Eskimo  84 

Hudsonian  83 

Long-billed  83 

Dovekie    11 

Dove,  Ground  99 

Mourning  98 

White-winged  99 

Dowitcher  73 

Long-billed  73 

Duck,  Baldpate 38 

Black  36 

Black-bellied  Tree  52 

Blue-bill  43 

Buffle-head  .  45 


121 


Duck,  Canvas-back 42 

Eider  47 

King  47 

Florida  37 

Fulvous  Tree 53 

Gadwall  37 

Golden-eye  44 

Barrow  44 

Harlequin  46 

Long-tailed  45 

Labrador  46 

Mallard  36 

Old-squaw  45 

Pintail  41 

Redhead  , 42 

Ring-necked  43 

Ruddy  49 

Scaup  43 

Lesser  43 

Scoter  48 

Surf  .  .  49 


Duck,  White-winged  48 

Shoveller    40 

Teal,  Blue-winged  39 

Cinnamon  40 

Green-winged    39 

Widgeon   38 

Whistler   44 

Wood  41 

Eagle,  Bald   109 

Golden    108 

Egret,   White    59 

Snowy   60 

Reddish    60 

Eider  47 

King    47 

Falcon,  Prairie 110 

Flamingo    54 

Frigate  Bird   34 

Fulmar   25 

Gallinule,  Florida   68 

Purple  68 


122 


Gannet    30 

Godwit,  Hudsonian 79 

Marbled    78 

Goose,  Canada   51 

Blue  50 

Snow   50 

White-fronted   51 

Goshawk  104 

Grebe,  Eared 6 

Horned   6 

Holboell    5 

Pied-billed   7 

Western   5 

Grouse,  Dusky   92 

Ruffed  93 

Sage  96 

Sharp-tailed  94 

Spruce  92 

Guillemot,  Black  9 

Gull,  Black-backed   .v 15 

Bonaparte 18 


Gull,  Franklin  .* 17 

Glaucous  14 

Herring  16 

Iceland  15 

Ivory  13 

Kittiwake 14 

Kumlien  15 

Laughing  17 

Ring-billed  16 

Ross  18 

Sabine  19 

Gyrfalcon  110 

White  109 

Hawk,  Broad-winged 107 

Cooper  104 

Duck  Ill 

Ferrugineous  Rough-leg  108 

Fish  113 

Harris  105 

Marsh  103 

Pigeon  Ill 


123 


Hawk,  Red-shoulderad 106 

Rde-tailed  105 

Rough-legged 107 

Sharp-shinned  103 

Sparrow    112 

Swainson   106 

Heath  Hen   95 

Heron,  Great  Blue 59 

Great  White  58 

Green    62 

Little  Blue 61 

Louisiana   61 

Night,  Black-crowned 62 

Yellow-crowned    63 

Ibis,  Glossy 56 

Scarlet    55 

White    55 

White-faced  Glossy 56 

Wood  56 

Jacana,  Mexican  89 

Jaeger,  Long-tailed  13 


Jaeger,  Parasitic  13 

Pomarine   12 

Killdeer    85 

Kite,   Everglade    102 

Mississippi    102 

Swallow-tailed    101 

White-tailed    101 

Kittiwake  14 

Knot    74 

Limpkin    ...: 64 

Loon    7 

Black-throated    8 

Red-throated  8 

Mallard   36 

Man-o-War  Bird  34 

Merganser    34 

Hooded   35 

Red-breasted  35 

Murre    10 

Noddy   24 

Osprey    113 


124 


Owl,  Barn  113 

Barred  115 

Burrowing  119 

Great  Gray  115 

Great  Horned  117 

Hawk  118 

Long-eared  114 

Richardson  116 

Saw-whet  116 

Screech  117 

Short-eared  114 

Snowy  118 

Oyster-catcher    89 

Pelican,  Brown  33 

White  33 

Petrel,  Leach  28 

Storm  27 

Wilson 28 

Phalarope,  Northern 70 

Red  69 

Wilson  .  .  70 


Pheasant,   Ring-necked   97 

Pigeon,   Passenger   98 

Plover,  Black-bellied   84 

Golden 85 

Mountain   88 

Piping   86 

Semipalmated   86 

Snowy  87 

Upland    81 

Wilson 87 

Prairie  Hen ' 95 

Lesser  95 

Ptarmigan,  Rock 94 

Willow    93 

Puffin  9 

Quail,  Bob- White 90 

Gambel  91 

Massena   91 

Scaled    90 

Rail,  Black 67 

Carolina   .66 


125 


Rail,  Clapper 65 

King  65 

Sora  66 

Virginia  66 

Yellow  67 

Sanderling  78 

Sandpiper,  Baird  76 

Bartramian  81 

Buff-breasted  82 

Curlew  77 

Least  76 

Pectoral  75 

Purple  74 

Red-backed  77 

Semipalmated  77 

Solitary  80 

Spotted  82 

Stilt  73 

White-rumped  75 

Scoter  48 

Surf  49 


Scoter,  White-winged 48 

Shearwater,  Audubon   26 

Cory  25 

Greater   26 

Sooty   27 

Shoveller    40 

Snake-bird   31 

Snipe,  Wilson 72 

Spoonbill,  Roseate 54 

Stilt,  Black-necked  71 

Swan,  Whistling  53 

Teal,  Blue-winged  39 

Cinnamon 40 

Green-winged    39 

Tern,  Arctic   22 

Black  23 

Cabot  20 

Caspian  20 

Common  21 

Porster   21 

Gull-billed    ,  .  19 


126 


Tern,  Least  22 

Noddy  24 

Roseate  22 

Royal  20 

Sooty   23 

Tropic  Bird,  Yellow-billed   29 

Turkey,  Wild 96 


Turnstone,  Ruddy 88 

Vulture,  Black  100 

Turkey    100 

Willet   81 

Woodcock    72 

Yellowlegs    80 


Greater 


79 


127 


Press  of  A.  M.  Eddy,  Albion,  N.  Y. 


LAN  D      BIRDS 

By  CHESTER  A.  REED,  S.  B. 

n    illustrated,   pocket   text   book  that   enables 
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•  A  guide  to  the  common  wild  flowers  found  in  the 
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BIRDS  OF  EASTERN  NORTH  AMERICA 

By  CHESTER  A.  REED,  S.  B. 

For  several  years,  our  "Bird  Guides"  have  been  conceded  to  be  the  besi 
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This  book,  just  from  the  press,  is,  we  believe,  the  only  one  that  describes  anc 
ILLUSTRATES  IN  COLOR  ALL  OUR  GAME  BIRDS,  western  as  well  as  eastern 
A$ide  from  its  great  value  to  sportsmen  everywhere,  it  is  one  of  the  finest  anc 
most  artistic  pieces  of  color  printing  ever  made.  Every  sportsman,  every  birc 
lover  and  everyone  interested  in  fine  printing  or  fine  art  should  have  a  copy  of  this 
It  makes  an  IDEAL  GIFT  BOOK  for  it  is  put  up  in  a  very  attractive  box.  Th< 
cover  is  a  very  unique  reproduction  of  boa  constrictor  skin.  5x7  in.  Illustrates 
100  GAME  BIRDS  IN  NATURAL  COLORS. 

Only  60c.  postpaid. 


60c.  net;  postage  10c. 


Lend  Birdt" 


CAMERA  STUDIES  OF  WILD  BIRDS 
IN  THEIR  HOMES 

By  CHESTER  A.  REED,  S.  B. 

"CAMERA  STUDIES"  has  250  photographs  ol 
events  right  in  birds'  homes.  These  pictures  are 
selected  from  the  authors'  collections  of  over  2000 
bird  photographs,  this  being  one  of  the  best  col- 
lections of  pictures  of  free,  living,  wild  birds  in 
existence. 

300  pages,  S^xT1/^  in.;  250  photographs  of  liv- 
ing, wild  birds. 
Handsomely  bound  in  Cloth,  $2.00  net;  postage  20c. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS'  EGGS 

By  CHESTER  A.   REED,  S.  B. 

This  is  the  only  book  on  the  market  that  gives! 
illustrations  of  the  eggs  of  all  North  American 
birds.  Each  egg  is  shown  FULL  SIZE,  photo- 
graphed directly  from  an  authentic  and  well  mark- 
ed specimen. 

The  habitat  and  habits  of  each  bird  are  given. 

It  is  finely  printed  on  the  best  of  paper  and 
handsomely  bound  in  cloth.  350  pages — 6  x  9  in. 
$2.50  net;  postage  25c. 


GUIDE  TO  THE  MUSHROOMS 

By   EMMA  TAYLOR  COLE 

Tells  how,  when  and  where  they  grow;  how  to 
ollect  and  prepare  them  for  the  table;  describes 
he  common  kinds,  both  edible  and  poisonous. 
Handsomely  illustrated  with  about  70  halftones 
rom  photographs  of  living  mushrooms  and  five 
'LATES  IN  COLOR.  Uniform  with  "Wild  Flow- 
rs."  $1.50  net;  postage  10c. 

2OLDFISH,  AQUARIA    and    FERNERIES 

How  to  make  aquaria.  How  to  fit  them  up;  all 
iibout  goldfish  and  fresh  water  fish  that  are  suit- 
kble  for  the  aquarium.  Water  plants  are  described, 
^s  well  as  many  curiosities  that  can  be  kept  in  the 
;anks.  All  these  things  are  FINELY  ILLUSTRAT- 
ED. Cloth  bound,  50c.;  postage  5c. 

GUIDE  TO  TAXIDERMY 

A  practical  and  thorough  instructor  in  the  art 
3f  mounting  birds,  mammals,  head,  fish,  etc.     We 
tiave  an  illustrated  prospectus  for  those  interested. 
Fully  illustrated;    cloth  bound;   310  pages. 
$1.65  postpaid. 


From  "Water  Birds" 


Handsomely  bound:  boxed.     $2.50  net;  postage,  15c. 


WILD 
FLOWERS 

EAST  OF    THE 
ROCKIES 

By 
CHESTER  A.  REED 

The  latest  flc.-'-r 
book. 

In  a  class  by  it- 
self. 

Original,  beauti- 
ful, compact,  com- 
plete, interesting, 
exact. 

Pictures  320 
flowers,  ALL  INJ. 
COLOR. 

450  pages. 


COLORED  BIRD  POSTCARDS 

We  have  prepared  a  set  containing  18  colored 
ards  of  our  best  known  birds.  They  are  made  by 
pe  very  best  process  from  oil  paintings  and  repre- 
pnt  the  best  work  in  bird  portraiture.  The  set 
pntains:  Bluebird,  Wood  Thrush,  Kinglet,  Black- 
urnian  Warbler,  Tanager,  Chipping  Sparrow, 
roldfinch,  Oriole,  Jay,  Flicker,  Hummingbird, 
•parrow  Hawrk,  Pheasant,  Grouse,  Bob-White, 
'lover,  Woodcock  and  Wood  Duck. 

Set  of  18  postcards,  25c.    Any  four  cards,  10c. 

UNIQUE  BIRD  POSTCARDS 

A  set  of  12  cards  made  from  photographs  of 
ving,  wild  birds.  Representing  the  very  best 
rork  in  bird  photography,  some  of  the  subjects 
equiring  several  days'  time  to  secure. 

The  subjects  are:  Chipping  Sparrows,  Nuthatches, 
ledstart,  Bluebird,  Chickadees,  Hummingbird, 
shrikes,  Kingfishers,  Owls,  Crows,  Jays  and  Least 
flycatcher.  Set  of  12  cards,  20c.  Any  four  cards,  10c. 

SPECIAL 

Both  sets,  30  cards,  40c.  postpaid 


From  "Water  Birds" 


Miniature  Bird  Pictures — One  Penny   Each 

The  following  list  of  COLORED  bird  pictures 
(80  subjects)  have  been  printed  each  on  paper  3x 
4  inches,  especially  for  teachers  to  use  in  the  class 
rooms.  They  are  the  best  obtainable  for  composi- 
tion work  or  decoration,  and  each  has  on  the  back 
a  printed  description  of  the  habits  and  distribution! 
of  the  bird. 


From,  "Land  Birds" 


388  Bl.-bill.  Cuckoo  495 

390  Kingfisher  498 
394  Downy  Woodpecker  501 
406  Red-headed  Woodp'ker  507 

412  Flicker  511B 

417  Whip-poor-will  514 

420  Nighthawk  517 

423  Chimney  Swift  521 

428  Hummingbird  529 

444  Kingbird  534 

461  Wood  Pewee  540L 

477  Blue  Jay  540 

394  Bobolink  542A 


Cowbird 

Red-wing  Bl'kbird 
Meadowlark 
Baltimore  Oriole 
Bronzed  Grackle 
Evening  Grosbeak 
Purple  Finch 
Red  Crossbill 
Goldfinch 
Snow  Bunting 
English  Sparrow 
Vesper-Sparrow 
Savanna  Sparrow 


List  of  Miniature  Bird  Pictures— Continued 


f> 58  Wh.-thr.  Sparrow 

ip59  Tree  Sparrow 

JJ560  Chipping  Sparrow 

£63  Field  Sparrow 

j>67  Junco 

jp81  Song  Sparrow 

585  Fox  Sparrow 

1587  Towhee 

|593  Cardinal 

£>95  Rose-br.  Grosbeak 

[598  Indigo  Bunting 

604  Dickcissel 

|60S  Scarlet  Tanager 

611  Purple  Martin 

|612  Cliff  Swallow 

613  Barn  Swallow 

614  Tree  Swallow 
619  Cedar  Waxwing 


622  Loggerhead  Shrike 
624  Red-eyed  Vireo 
629  Solitary  Vireo 

636  Bl.  and  White  Warbler 

637  Prothonotary  Warbler 
642  Golden-wing  Warbler 
645  Nashville  Warbler 
652  Yellow  Warbler 

655  Myrtle  Warbler 

659  Chestnut-sided  Warbler 

660  Bay-breasted  Warbler 

661  Black-poll  Warbler 

662  Blackburnian  Warbler 
667  Bl.-thr.  Green  Warbler 

672  Yellow  Palm  Warbler 

673  Prairie  Warbler 

674  Oven-Bird 

677  Kentucky  Warbler 


681  Maryland  Yellow-thr. 
683  Yellow-br.  Chat 

686  Canadian  Warbler 

687  Redstart 

703  Mockingbird 

704  Catbird 

705  Brown  Thrasher 
718  Carolina  Wren 

721  House  Wren 

722  Winter  Wren 

726  Brown  Creeper 

727  Wh.-br.  Nuthatch 
735  Chickadee 

749  Ruby-crown.  Kinglet 

755  Wood  Thrush 

756  Veery 
761  Robin 
766  Bluebird 


These  pictures,  assorted  as  desired,  are  sent  prepaid  in  lots  of  ten  or  more,  for 


1  cent  each. 


FIELD  GLASSES  FOR 
BIRD  STUDY 

or  equally  good  for  the  mountain,  sea  shore  or 
theatre,  or  wherever  a  large,  clear  image  of  an 
object  is  desired. 

We  carefully  examined  more  than  a  hundred 
makes  of  field  glasses,  to  select  the  ones  best 
adapted  for  bird  study. 

We  found  one  make  that  was  superior  to  any 
other  of  the  same  price  and  equal  optically,  and 
nearly  as  well  made  as  those  costing  three  times  as 
much. 

They  magnify  about  three  diameters,  and  have 
an  unusually  large  field  of  vision  or  angle  of  view, 
making  it  easy  to  find  a  bird  or  keep  him  in  sight, 
Price  only  $5.00  postpaid. 

CHAS.  K.  REED,  Worcester,  Mass. 


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